Inflammation Flashcards
1
Q
______ are generated by intrinsic oxidases in ER of cells and in PMNs, also by radiation
A
Free radicals
2
Q
______ chemically damage proteins, DNA, RNA, and trigger lipid peroxidation in cell membranes
A
Free radicals
3
Q
2O2- + 2H+ -> H2O2 + O2- (catalyzed by ______)
A
superoxide dismutase
4
Q
2OH + 2GSH -> 2H2O + GSSG (catalyzed by _______)
A
glutathione peroxidase
5
Q
Acute or chronic inflammation? Dilation and increased flow, increased permeability resulting in transudate or exudate
A
Acute
6
Q
Acute or chronic inflammation? Duration of days
A
Acute
7
Q
Acute or chronic inflammation? Onset over the course of days
A
Chronic
8
Q
Acute or chronic inflammation? Sentinel/local cells in the tissue
A
Chronic
9
Q
Acute phase cell(s)
A
Neutrophils
10
Q
Cell adaptation: decrease in size and functional capacity of the cell
A
atrophy
11
Q
Cell adaptation: increase in number of cells in a tissue
A
hyperplasia
12
Q
Cell adaptation: increase in size of cell to enable increase in cell function
A
hypertrophy
13
Q
Cell adaptation: replacement of one type of tissue with another in response to injury
A
metaplasia
14
Q
Cell death by _____ tends to affect scattered, individual cells
A
apoptosis
15
Q
Chemical species with an unpaired electron
A
Free radicals
16
Q
Chronic phase cell(s)
A
Macrophages, lymphocytes, (eosinophils)
17
Q
Eicosanoids are ________(pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in ________
A
on demand;WBCs, platelets, and endothelial cells
18
Q
eNOS are ________(pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in ________
A
on demand; endothelial cells
19
Q
Fe2+ + H2O2 -> Fe3+ + OH + OH-
A
Fenton Reaction
20
Q
Five cardinal signs of injury
A
redness, swelling, pain, heat, loss of function
21
Q
Fragmentation of nuclei is also known as ______.
A
karyorrhexis
22
Q
H2O2 -> O2 + 2H2O (catalyzed by ______)
A
Catalase
23
Q
H2O2 + O2- -> OH + OH- + O2
A
Haber-Weiss Reaction
24
Q
Hagemen Factor activates _____ (3)
A
Thrombin/Coagulation pathway, plasmin, and Kallikrein pathway
25
Histamine is _________ (pre-formed/synthesized on demand)
pre-formed
26
Histamine is found in ________.
Platelets, mast cells, basophils
27
In ______, chromosomal DNA reflects nonspecific degradative smear of DNA fragments
necrosis
28
In hypoxia, _________ is proteolytically converted to xanthine _______, which produces oxygen radicals
xanthine dehydrogenase; oxidase
29
Inflammatory reaction characterized by accumulation of modified macrophages (epithelioid cells), giant cells, lymphocytes, and occasional plasma cells
Granulomatous infection
30
iNOS are ________(pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in ________
on demand; endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle
31
nNOS are ________(pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in ________
on demand; neural parenchyma
32
Nucleus shrinks and chromatin becomes deeply basophilic and clumpy
pyknosis
33
Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
Complete resolution, scarring, abscess, progression to chronic inflammation
34
PAF is _________ (pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in _______.
on demand; platelets, neutrophils, basophils, macrophages, mast cells, and endothelial cells
35
Pyknotic clumps are broken down and disappear in the process of _____.
karyolysis
36
Reversible or irreversible? Activation of lysosomal enzymes
Irreversible
37
Reversible or irreversible? Decrease in ATP
Reversible
38
Reversible or irreversible? Decrease in Na pump activity
Reversible
39
Reversible or irreversible? Decrease in protein synthesis
Reversible
40
Reversible or irreversible? Decrease in tissue pH
Reversible
41
Reversible or irreversible? DNA and protein degradation
Irreversible
42
Reversible or irreversible? Increase in glycolysis
Reversible
43
Reversible or irreversible? Increase in intracellular calcium concentration
Irreversible
44
ROS are ________(pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in ________
on demand; leukocytes and macrophages
45
Serotonin is _________ (pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in _______.
pre-formed; platelets
46
TNF is ________(pre-formed/synthesized on demand) and found in ________
on demand; macrophages, lymphocytes, and mast cells
47
Transudate or Exudate? Caused by increase in hydrostatic pressure or reduction in oncotic pressure
Transudate
48
Transudate or Exudate? Caused by inflammation
Exudate
49
Transudate or Exudate? High Fluid/Serum glucose concentration
Exudate
50
Transudate or Exudate? High Fluid/Serum LDH concentration
Exudate
51
Transudate or Exudate? High specific gravity
Exudate
52
Transudate or Exudate? Low Fluid/Serum protein ratio
Transudate
53
Transudate or Exudate? Low protein concentration
Transudate
54
Transudate or Exudate? WBCs present
Exudate
55
Type of necrosis classically seen in adipose tissue typically following acute pancreatits or trauma
Fat necrosis
56
Type of necrosis classically seen in the heart following a myocardial infarction
coagulative
57
Type of necrosis seen only in tuberculosis, characterized by white, chalky lymph nodes
Caseous
58
Type of necrosis that is common in brain and spleen, and with acute infection
liquefactive
59
Type of necrosis: dead cell dissolves away as lysosomal hydrolases digest cellular components
Liquefactive
60
Type of necrosis: dead cell remains a ghost-like remnant of former self
coagulative
61
Type of necrosis: fats are hydrolyzed into free fatty acids which precipitate with calcium to produce chalky gray material
Fat necrosis
62
What appearance of inflammation? Dominated by neutrophils in an non-confined space
Fibrinopurulent Exudate
63
What appearance of inflammation? Epithelioid cells and giant cells usually within parenchyma
Granuloma
64
What appearance of inflammation? Newly formed cavity resulting from inflammatory cells within parenchyma/confined space
Abscess
65
What appearance of inflammation? Occurs in skin, characterized by neutrophils then mononuclear cells
Cellulitis
66
What appearance of inflammation? Occurs within an anatomical space or cavity; characterized by neutrophils predominating early followed by macrophages and lymphocytes
Empyema
67
What are the four classes of chemokines?
C-X-C; C-C; C; CX3C
68
What are the three types of cytokines?
interleukins, interferons, and chemokines
69
What condition is characterized by hot, dry skin with cessation of sweating (usuall), lactic acidosis leading to rhabdomyolysis, necrosis of renal tubules (ATN), widespread intravascular coagulation (DIC), and multi-organ failure?
Exertional Heat Stroke
70
What condition is characterized by the following actions: cytoplasm swells, mitochondria and ER dilate, and there is blebbing of the plasma membrane/loss of membrane integrity?
necrosis
71
What condition is characterized by the following descriptors: cytoplasm is shrunken, membrane blebbing, nuclear DNA appears compacted and dense?
apoptosis
72
What condition is characterized by young, elderly, obese in hot humid weather, hot dry sking with respiratory alkalosis, hypotension, and coma?
Classic Heat Stroke
73
Which chemical mediator is activated via the Kallikrein pathway?
Bradykinin
74
Which chemical mediator is associated with activation of inflammatory cells (macrophages, T cells), interference with viral replication, and tumor defense?
Interferons
75
Which chemical mediator is associated with attracting lymphocytes?
C Chemokines
76
Which chemical mediator is associated with attracting macrophages, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes?
C-C Chemokines
77
Which chemical mediator is associated with endothelial activation and fibroblast stimulation locally?
TNF
78
Which chemical mediator is associated with fever, anorexia, sleepiness, and liver effects systemically?
TNF
79
Which chemical mediator is associated with increasing vascular permeability and activating C3 to C3a?
Plasmin (Fibrinolytic system)
80
Which chemical mediator is associated with microbe damage, host tissue collateral damage, inactivation of antiproteases?
ROS
81
Which chemical mediator is associated with neurotransmitter release and blood flow regulation?
nNOS
82
Which chemical mediator is associated with neutrophil chemotaxis and activation?
C-X-C Chemokines
83
Which chemical mediator is associated with Pain signaling, vascular tone modulation, and vascular permeability modulation?
Substance P
84
Which chemical mediator is associated with smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and mucous secretion followed by chemotaxis of WBCs?
Histamine/Serotonin
85
Which chemical mediator is associated with stopping bleeding vasoconstriction, chemotaxis/leukocyte activation, platelet acitvation, and bronchospasm?
PAF
86
Which chemical mediator is associated with vasodilation and reduced leukocyte/platelet adhesion?
eNOS
87
Which chemical mediator is associated with vasodilation, chemotaxis, and toxicity to microbes and neoplastic tissue?
iNOS
88
Which chemical mediator is associatied with vasodilation, increasing vascular permeability, bronchial contraction, and pain?
Bradykinin
89
Which chemical mediator is asssociated with attracting macrophages and T lymphocytes?
CX3C Chemokines
90
Which chemical mediator is derived from a membrane phospholipid modified by LPCAT?
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)
91
Which chemical mediator is derived from arichidonic acid?
Eicosanoids
92
Which chemical mediator is inactivated by superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, cerluplasmin, and transferrin?
ROS
93
Which chemical mediator is preformed and associated with digestion of microbes/foreign material and chemotaxis?
Stored Mediator Content
94
Which chemical mediator is primarily synthesized on demand from macrophages and has similar function to TNF?
Interleukins
95
Which chemical mediator is released by nerve twigs
Substance P
96
Which chemical mediator is released in response to damage to endothelial cells and cytokines in response to tissue damage?
ROS
97
Which chemical mediator is released in response to in response to Antigen-IgE interaction, Tissue Injury, C5a-C3a interaction (anaphylatoxins), IL-1, IL-8?
Histamine
98
Which chemical mediator is released when there is platelet aggregation in response to collagen, thrombin, PAF, TXA2, etc.?
Serotonin
99
Which chemical mediator is secreted in response to bacterial endotoxin, immune complex, tissue injury, and other stimuli/mediators?
TNF
100
Which chemical mediator(s) is/are most responsible for systemic responses?
TNF and IL-1
101
Which eicosanoid chemical mediator is associated with increasing vascular permeability and chemotaxis?
Leukotrienes
102
Which eicosanoid chemical mediator is associated with vasoconstriction and promotion of platelet aggregation
Thromboxanes
103
Which eicosanoid chemical mediator is associated with vasodilation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and uterine contraction?
Prostaglandins
104
Which liver-derived chemical mediator promotes formation of prostaglandins, cytokines, platelet activating factor, and nitric oxide?
Thrombin (Coagulation system)
105
Which NOS chemical mediator(s) is/are synthesized constitutively?
nNOS, eNOS
106
Which NOS chemical mediator(s) is/are synthesized in response to IL-1, TNF, interferon, and bacterial endotoxin?
iNOS
107
Which type of inflammation is characterized by "pus"?
Fibrinopurulent
108
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the following histologic features: abundant eosinophils?
Eosinophilic
109
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the following histologic features: mixed chronic inflammatory cells, necrotic centrally, or a foreign body present?
Granulomatous
110
Which type of inflammation is characterized by the following histologic features: PMNs, fibrin/blood products, and hemorrhage?
Fibrinopurulent
111
Which type of inflammation is characterized by walling off material or attempted digestion of non-digestible material?
Granulomatous
