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Disease and Defense > Microbial Toxins and Antimicrobial Resistance > Flashcards

Microbial Toxins and Antimicrobial Resistance Flashcards

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1
Q

_____ activates membrane-associated guanylate cyclase activity

A

Heat-stable enterotoxin (E coli)

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2
Q

_____ are hybrid molecules that have a toxin fragment and an altered receptor-binding domain that is used to target a specific population of cells (Ex. tumor cells)

A

Immunotoxin

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3
Q

_____ increase intracellular cAMP and ____ increase intracellular cGMP

A

Heat-labile enterotoxin (Vibrio cholerae and E coli), pertussis toxin, Anthrax edema factor, and adenylate cyclase toxin; Heat-Stable enterotoxin (E coli)

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4
Q

_____ is an endopeptidase that cleaves several MAP kinase kinases and inactivates their function in signal transduction

A

Anthrax Lethal factor

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5
Q

______ alter actin cytoskeleton by transferring glucose to Rho GTPases (inactivating them)

A

Clostridium Difficile Toxins A and B

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6
Q

______ can inactivate specific SNARE proteins required for neuroexocytosis

A

Zinc-dependent endopeptidase

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7
Q

______ causes flaccid paralysis of skeletal muscles by inhibiting acetylcholine release

A

Botulinum toxin

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8
Q

______ inhibit Gi and increase membrane-associated adenylate cyclase activity

A

Pertussis

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9
Q

______ remove an adenine residue from 28S rRNA, which inhibits the ribosome and protein synthesis

A

Shiga toxin, ricin

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10
Q

_______ activate Gs and increase membrane-associated adenylate cyclase activity

A

Heat labile-enterotoxin (Vibrio cholerae and E coli)

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11
Q

_______ are adenylate cyclases that enter cells and increase cAMP (require activation by calmodulin and calcium).

A

Anthrax edema factor and adenylate cyclase toxin

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12
Q

_______ causes sustained muscular contraction (spastic paralysis) of skeletal muscles by inhibiting release of neurotransmitters from inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord

A

Tetanus toxin

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13
Q

_______ inhibit EF-2 via ADP-ribosylation, which inhibits protein synthesis

A

Diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A

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14
Q

Altered PBPs (2), organism, affected drug class

A

mecA (Staphylococci) and Mosaic PBPs (Strep pneumoniae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae); Beta-lactams

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15
Q

AmpC Beta-lactamase differs from narrow and extended spectrum beta-lactamases in that it is ______. Found in _______.

A

Not affected by Beta-lactamase inhibitors; Enterobacter and Pseudomonas (c)

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16
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to _____ is intrinsic in anaerobic bacteria that do not have a necessary electrochemical gradient for drug molecules to enter

A

Aminoglycosides

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17
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to _____ occurs via dimethylation of 23S rRNA.

A

Macrolides

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18
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to _____ occurs via methylation of the 16S rRNA.

A

Aminoglycosides

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19
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to _____ occurs via mutations in the QRDR.

A

Quinolones

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20
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to _____ occurs with constitutive expression of erm; this drug does not induce erm

A

Clindamycin

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21
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to ______ occurs due to the ___ gene which expresses ______ ribosome methylase

A

Macrolides; erm; erythromycin

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22
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to ______ occurs via a change in the terminal five-member peptide in peptidoglycan (Organism: ______)

A

Vancomycin; enterococcus

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23
Q

Antimicrobial resistance to ______ occurs via N-acetylation, O-phosphorylation, or O-nucleotidylation of the drug

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A

Aminoglycosides

24
Q

Bla is a narrow spectrum beta-lactamase, most commonly found in _______.

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A

Staphylococci

25
Carbapenemases: plasmid vs. chromosome, drug resistance, organism
plasmid; All beta-lactams and carbapenems; Klebsiella
26
Carbapenemases (2)
Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC) and New Delhi Metallobetalactamase-1 (NDM-1)
27
Common methods of resistance that decrease drug access to target (2)
Porins, efflux pumps
28
CTX-1 is a/an ______ spectrum beta-lactamase, mostly found in ______.
extended; E. coli
29
Extended spectrum Beta-lactamases (2), plasmid vs. chromosome, drug resistance
CTX-M (p) and SHV-type (p); PCNs, ampicillin, and Cephalosporins
30
Inducible genes conferring resistance
AmpC (PCNs, ampicillin, and cephalosporins) and erm (macrolides and clindamycin)
31
Lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria may be referred to as _____ due to association with cells.
Endotoxin
32
Macromolecular products of microbes that cause harm to susceptible animals by altering cellular structure or function
Microbial Toxins
33
Mechanims of microbicidal action (3)
Inhibit cell wall synthesis, Disrupt cell membrane, Interfere with DNA function/synthesis
34
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: adenylate cyclase toxin
Modify intracellular pathways
35
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Anthrax edema factor and lethal factor
Modify intracellular pathways
36
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Botulinum and Tetanus
Inhibit neurotransmitter release
37
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B
Modify intracellular pathways
38
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Diphtheria toxin and Pseudomona aueruginosa exotoxin A
Inhibit protein synthesis
39
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Heat-labile enterotoxin (Vibrio cholerae and E coli)
Modify intracellular pathways
40
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Heat-stable enterotoxin (ST-I of E coli)
Modify intracellular pathways
41
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: hemolysins
Damage cell membranes
42
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: hyaluronidase, collagenase, elastase
Facilitate microbe spread through tissue
43
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: pertussis toxin
Modify intracellular pathways
44
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: pyrogenic exotoxins, including enterotoxins and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1)
Stimulate cytokine production
45
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Shiga toxin, ricin
Inhibit protein synthesis
46
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: superantigens
Stimulate cytokine production
47
Mechanism of microbial toxin action: Zinc-dependent endopeptidase
Inhibit neurotransmitter release
48
Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (3)
Change in target, change in access to target, Drug inactivation/modification
49
Mechanisms of antimicrobial selective toxicity (4)
Different metabolic pathway, Different enzyme structures, non-existent structural feature, different structural feature
50
Mechanisms of microbial toxin action (6)
Facilitate microbe spread through tissue, damage cell membranes, stimulate cytokine production, Inhibit protein synthesis, modify intracellular pathways, inhibit neurotransmitter release
51
Mechanisms of microbiostatic action (2)
Inhibit protein synthesis, Inhibit metabolic pathways
52
Mechansms of Beta-lactam resistance (2)
Modification of PBP, Modification by Beta-lactamases
53
Narrow spectrum Beta-lactamases (3), plasmid vs. chromosome, and drug resistance
Bla (p), TEM-1 (p), SHV-1 (c); PCNs and ampicillin
54
Renal dosing required (6)
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbamazepines, Vancomycin, Aminoglycosides, Fluoroquinolones
55
SHV-1 is a/an _______ spectrum beta-lactamase, most commonly found in _______.
narrow; Klebsiella pnuemoniae
56
SHV-type are _______ spectrum beta-lactamases, mostly found in ______.
extended; Klebsiella pneumonia
57
TEM-1 is a/an _______ spectrum beta-lactamase, most commonly found in _______.
narrow; E. coli and H. influenzae

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