Avian Integument

Question 1

the structure of the avian epidermis is ? with that of mammals, differences are apparent in the layers of the dermis.

Answer 1

homologous

Question 2

During incubation, many bird species develop a median ventrosternal

Answer 2

Brood Patch

Question 3

is thicker in featherless regions, corresponding with the mechanical forces to which these parts of the body are subjected

Answer 3

The stratum corneum of the epidermis

Question 4

is particularly hard at the edges of
the beak, in the scales and spur, and on the dorsum of the claws

Answer 4

The horn (keratinised epidermi

Question 5

is found at the cere, between the scales and on the plantar surface of the claws

Answer 5

Soft Horn

Question 6

Sebaceous glands are found in
only three locations:

Answer 6

 above the tail: the uropygial gland
 in the external acoustic meatus:
the auricular glands
 in the cloaca: the vent glands

Question 7

produce a waxy secretion containing numerous sloughed cells.

Answer 7

glands of the external acoustic
meatus

Question 8

A mucoid substance is secreted
by the glandulae venti located on
the labia of the cloaca

Answer 8

glandulae venti

Question 9

 present consistently in chickens
and water birds, but may be
absent in psittacids and pigeons;
 The oily holocrine secretory
product is used in preening to
cover the feathers in a fatty
waterproof film.
 It is thought to also play a role in
the storage of Vitamin D, allowing
this nutrient to be taken up by the
beak during grooming

Answer 9

uropygial gland

Question 10

can reach considerable proportions in
sexually aroused male turkeys

Answer 10

unpaired snood

Question 11

The head of turkeys is also
covered in numerous wart-like
cutaneous ? that extend
to the neck and breast

Answer 11

caruncles

Question 12

of the guinea fowl consists of a cone-shaped peg of bone overlain by rough skin
with a strongly keratinised
epidermis.

Answer 12

The crest (helmet)

Question 13

In females, the crest is ______; in
males it is distended caudally.

Answer 13

Blunt

Question 14

presents as a bulge of skin that may
become engorged when the bird
is aroused

Answer 14

Wattles

Question 15

In Muscovy ducks the eyes and
the base of the beak are
surrounded by

Answer 15

red cutaneous papillae

Question 16

The flexor surfaces of the joints of the wings (alae) are spanned by
membranous folds of skin referred to as______

Only at the shoulder joint are these skin folds present on both the flexor
and extensor surfaces of the limb

Answer 16

patagia

Question 17

at the transition from the neck
to the wing

Answer 17

patagium cervicale

Question 18

between the shoulder and carpus

Answer 18

Propatagium

Question 19

between the alula and digit 2

Answer 19

patagium alulae

Question 20

extending from the breast to the
elbow

Answer 20

metapatagium

Question 21

(between the elbow and the manus)

Answer 21

postpatagium

Question 22

The interdigital space between the second, third and fourth pedal
digits is spanned by short folds of skin known as

Answer 22

interdigital webs

Question 23

In water birds such as geese and ducks, these are used for
swimming and extend to the tips of the toes

Answer 23

interdigital webs

Question 24

possess an additional web between digits 1 and 2.

Answer 24

Pelecaniformes

Question 25

such as the coot, lack interdigital webbing, possessing instead small flaps of skin that extend from the side of the second to fourth toes

Answer 25

Rails (Rallidae),

Question 26

The epidermal covering of the beak forms a hard keratinised sheath, the __________, which extends over the rostral portions of the maxilla and mandible. Its dermal layer is tightly attached to the periosteum. There is no subcutis.

Answer 26

rhamphotheca

Question 27

In newly hatched chicks, a cone-shaped __________is present on the rostral portion of the upper beak; Used by the chick to break open the egg shell during hatching, the egg tooth is subsequently shed

Answer 27

egg tooth

Question 28

In some species, the skin at the base of the upper beak is variably thickened and is referred to as the

Answer 28

cere (cera)

Question 29

The featherless skin of the tarsometatarsus and digits (podotheca) is covered in

Answer 29

scales

Question 30

The joints of the pedal digits are underlain by

Answer 30

Pads

Question 31

Pads that bears weight when the foot is placed on the ground,

Answer 31

Metatarsal Pad

Question 32

Conform closely to the underlying surface during perching

Answer 32

Metatarsal Pad

Question 33

are located at the tips of the digits of the foot.

Answer 33

The claws (ungues)

Question 34

What animal the claws are adapted for scratching and are thus shorter and relatively straight.

Answer 34

Chicken

Question 35

What animal’s claw are long, strongly curved and sharp.

Answer 35

Raptors

Question 36

What animal fold the claw of the second toe to the side, thus avoiding wear and preserving the sharp point for use in defence.

Answer 36

Muscovy ducks

Question 37

are an occasional atavistic finding in domestic chickens and geese

Answer 37

Claws on the wings

Question 38

Well developed in male chickens and turkeys, usually manifests as wart-like scale in females

Answer 38

Spurs

Question 39

Located on the caudomedial tarsometatarsus, when in males it is mounted on a large pyramidal bony protuberance

Answer 39

Spur

Question 40

Related phylogenetically to the scales of reptiles,

Answer 40

Feathers

Question 41

confer upon birds the capacity for flight

Answer 41

Feathers

Question 42

feathers are often brightly and characteristically coloured

Answer 42

Male Avian Feathers

Question 43

most numerous feathers, covering the bulk of the body of the bird.

Answer 43

Coverts

Question 44

they are distinguished by the presence of an afterfeather with an aftershaft

Answer 44

Coverts

Question 45

Distal pennaceous portion

Answer 45

Pars pennata

Question 46

Proximal plumaceous portion

Answer 46

Pars plumacea

Question 47

Areas of skin with feathers

Answer 47

pterylae

Question 48

Areas of skin without feathers

Answer 48

apteria

Question 49

located on the antebrachium, manus and the alula. Their number is consistent within species.

Answer 49

Remiges

Question 50

Area or region without remiges

Answer 50

Brachial region

Question 51

a slightly curved shaft and asymmetrical vexillae.

Answer 51

Remiges

Question 52

Arise from the rump, forms the basis of the tail

Answer 52

Rectrices

Question 53

Shaft is usually straight

Answer 53

rectrices

Question 54

consist only of a calamus with a large tuft of keratinised filaments at its tip

Answer 54

Down feathers or plumules

Question 55

Particularly numerous down feathers in ?

Answer 55

Water birds

Question 56

Hardly any down feathers are found on chickens, their function being taken over in this species by

Answer 56

Semiplumes

Question 57

are similar to down feathers, but have a clearly defined rachis. Their association with an afterfeather, including an aftershaft, indicates that semiplumes are actually a modified form of covert.

Answer 57

Semiplumes

Question 58

specialised down feathers that continually produce a powdery substance consisting of minute

Answer 58

Powder down feathers

Question 59

Powdery substance in powder down feathers

Answer 59

Keratin granules

Question 60

Especially plentiful in pigeons

Answer 60

Powder down feathers

Question 61

down-like feathers that lie immediately adjacent to the follicle of contour feathers. The follicles of filoplumes are rich in free nerve endings

Answer 61

Filoplumes

Question 62

They are found in the surrounding tissue of filoplumes

Answer 62

Herbst bodies

Question 63

Located on the head

Answer 63

Bristles

Question 64

have a rigid shaft with few barbs and are associated with numerous mechanoreceptors

Answer 64

Bristles

Question 65

Line the base of the beak and form the eyelashes

Answer 65

Bristles