Reproductive Flashcards
Finals (139 cards)
1
Q
What are the external male genital organs?
A
- Testes (testicles) in the scrotum
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Urethra
- Penis
2
Q
What are the internal or accessory genital organs in males?
A
- Ampullary glands
- Bulbo-urethral glands
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate
3
Q
What are the two surfaces of the testes?
A
- Medial
- Lateral
4
Q
What are the two borders of the testes?
A
- Free
- Attached
5
Q
What are the two extremities of the testes?
A
- Cranial
- Caudal
6
Q
What artery supplies blood to the testes?
A
Testicular artery
7
Q
What nerves provide innervation to the testes?
A
- Ileo-inguinal nerves
- Genito-femoral nerves
8
Q
In bulls and rams, how is the long axis of the testicle oriented?
A
Nearly vertical
9
Q
How is the long axis of the testicle oriented in horses?
A
Nearly horizontal
10
Q
Species difference, small and oval in shape, long axis is oblique
A
Dog
11
Q
How is the testis positioned in pigs?
A
Caudal to the sigmoid flexure of the penis, directed upwards and backwards (oblique)
12
Q
What is the function of the scrotum?
A
Contains and protects the testicles and regulates their temperature
13
Q
What temperature range is essential for spermatogenesis?
A
2 to 5 degrees below body temperature
14
Q
What are the two mechanisms of cooling in the scrotum?
A
- Evaporation from sweat and sebaceous glands
- Heat exchange in the circulatory system via the pampiniform plexus
15
Q
What acts as the countercurrent heat exchange in the testis
A
Pampiniform plexus
16
Q
Muscles that contracts and relaxes during change in weather
A
Tunica dartos and cremaster muscle
17
Q
What are the three parts of the epididymis?
A
- Head
- Body
- Tail
18
Q
What is the primary function of the epididymis?
A
- Transport
- Storage
- Maturation of spermatozoa
19
Q
What structures make up the duct system of the testis?
A
- Seminiferous tubules
- Tubuli contorti
- Tubuli recti
- Rete testis
- Efferent tubules
- Epididymic duct
- Ductus deferens
20
Q
It enters the head of epididymis
A
Efferent tubules
21
Q
Leaves the tail of the epididymis
A
Epididymic duct
22
Q
What is the ductus deferens?
A
A muscular tube extending from the tail of the epididymis to the pelvic urethra
23
Q
Flash-shaped dilation that is the only glandular portion of the tube
A
Ampulla
24
Q
What does the spermatic cord consist of?
A
- Testicular artery
- Testicular veins
- Lymphatics
- Sympathetic nerves
- Internal cremaster muscle
- Visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis
- Ductus deferens
25
What is the inguinal canal?
A passage from the abdominal cavity to the exterior of the body
26
Deep inguinal ring is a space that lies between the :
Caudal border of internal oblique muscle and deep face of the aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique musc.
27
It takes form of a slit in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle
Superficial or external inguinal ring
28
What structures pass through the inguinal canal in males?
* Spermatic cord
* Tunica vaginalis
* External cremaster muscle
* External pudendal artery
* Inguinal lymph vessels and nerves
29
What are the main components of the penis?
* Root/Crura
* Body
* Glans
30
Attached to the ischial arch of the pelvis
Root/ Crura
31
Main portion of penis
Body
32
Free extremity of penis
Glans
33
What are the two types of erectile tissue in the penis?
* Corpus cavernosum penis
* Corpus spongiosum
34
It arises from each side of the ischial arch
Corpus cavernosum penis
35
Forms a tube around the urethra and is continuous anteriorly with the glans penis
Corpus spongiosum or corpus cavernosum urethrae
36
Species Difference of Penis in Bull
Sigmoid Flexure is present, Fibroelastic and Glans
37
Species difference in Penis :Presence of Sigmoid Flexure
Bull, Ram, Boar
38
No Presence of Sigmoid flexure in Penis
Horse, Dog, Humans
39
FIbroelastic Penis Species
Bull, Ram, boar
40
Musculocavernous Type in Penis
Horse, Dog, Human
41
What is the blood supply of the penis?
* Internal pudendal artery
* Obturator in horses
* External pudendal in horses
42
What are the accessory sex glands?
* Ampulla of the ductus deferens
* Vesicular gland
* Prostate gland
* Bulbourethral gland
43
What is the role of the accessory sex glands?
* Adds volume to semen
* Provides nutrients for sperm
* Cleans urinary tract
* Makes a plug to hold semen in the vagina (in boars)
44
What is the function of the ampulla?
Contributes volume to semen
45
Species difference in Ampulla : well developed
Stallion, bull, Ram
46
Species difference Ampulla : Absent
Boar
47
Formerly called seminal vesicles, paired glands associated with genital fold
Vesicular Glands
48
What species empties the vesicular glands into the urethra, separate from the ductus deferens
Boar
49
Hollow, pear shaped sacs of vesicular glands, what species?
Horse or stallion
50
Appear as lobulated glands in ?
Bull, Ram, Boar
51
What is the prostate gland's function?
Secretes thick, milky fluid that provides nutrition and substance to semen
52
What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?
Cleans and neutralizes urine residue in the urethra before ejaculation
53
Former term for Bulbo-urethral gland
Cowper's Glands
54
Species which have bulbourethral gland
Boar or Pig
55
Species Difference : Sex glands complete, urethral process is present
Horse
56
Species Difference : Penis has sigmoid flexure behind scrotum, glans is long and twisted
Ox
57
Species Difference : Urethral process on glans is elongated into vermiform appendages
Sheep
58
Species Difference : Has sigmoid flexure in front of the scrotum, no glans
Pig
59
Species Difference : Bulbourethral glands and seminal vesicles are absent, only prostate present. Corpus cavernosum penis is ossified anteriorly forming os penis
Dog
60
What are the components of the female reproductive system?
* Ovaries
* Uterine tubes (Oviducts)
* Uterus
* Vagina
* Vestibule and Vulva
61
What is the primary organ of reproduction in females?
Ovaries
62
Supports the ovary
Mesovarium
63
Appear as bean shape because of ovulation fossa, ovarian bursa is formed by mesosalpinx
Mare
64
Appear as oval, no ovulation fossa, ovarian bursa is present
Cow
65
Same as in cow, but almond or oval
Sheep
66
Same as cow, but appears lobulated because of numerous developing ova, there is hilus on ovary
Sow or Pig
67
Ovarian bursa completely surrounds the ovary
Dog or Bitch
68
Ovarian bursa is extremely small
Cat
69
What is the role of Graafian follicles in ovulation?
Ova develop inside them, which rupture to release the ovum
70
What happens to the ruptured Graafian follicle after ovulation?
* Corpus hemorrhagicum
* Corpus luteum
* Corpus luteum regression
* Corpus albicans
71
Follicle is filled with blood clot
Corpus hemorrhagicum (rubrum)
72
Follicular cells invade the clot and become lutein cells
Corpus luteum
73
Fibroblast cells invade corpus luteal tissue into scar tissue
corpus albicans
74
When fertilization does not occur and corpus luteum degenerates, corpus luteum of the next ovulation cycle develops
Corpus luteum spurium
75
When fertilization occurs, degeneration of corpus luteum is delayed, until parturition and corpus luteum acts as an endocrine organ
Corpus luteum verum
76
Species difference : Projects from the surface of the ovary
Cow and Sow
77
Corpus lutea do not project
Mare
78
What are the uterine tubes (oviducts) responsible for?
Conducting ova from the ovary to the uterus and being the site of fertilization
79
Supports the uterine tubes
mesosalpinx
80
What structures make up the uterus?
* Body
* Two horns
* Neck (cervix)
81
Ligaments connecting the uterine horns
Intercornual ligament
82
Largest part of the broad ligament
Mesometrium
83
Mesentery that supports the uterus
Broad ligament
84
What is the endometrium?
The inner lining of the uterus
85
What is the myometrium?
The thick muscular layer of the uterus
86
Found in endometrium, vital for supporting pregnancy
Uterine Glands
87
What is the function of caruncles in the uterus?
Crucial for forming the placenta during pregnancy
88
What is the blood supply of the uterus derived from?
* Uterine artery
* Uterine branch of the utero-ovarian artery
89
Extend from sublumbar region and lateral pelvic walls to the dorsal border of the cornua and lateral margins of the body
Broad ligaments
90
Arise from lateral folds of the broad ligaments and blend w/ parietal peritoneum over the internal inguinal ring
Round ligaments
91
In which species are the cornua slightly spiral twist and cotyledons are convex, and only dorsal fornix
Cow
92
In which species where the cotyledons are umbilicate
Ewe or Sheep
93
In which species where the cornua are very long and no fornices present
Sow or Pig
94
In which species where the cornua are straight and shaped like Y, cervical canal is at an angle, round ligaments pass through inguinal canal enveloped by peritoneal pouch
Bitch or Dog
95
In which species are the cornua of the uterus slightly curved?
Mare
96
What does the corpus luteum of pregnancy do?
Functions as an endocrine organ
97
What is the typical length of the uterine tube in a cow?
25 cm
98
In which animal is the uterus described as bipartite with 70-120 caruncles?
Cow
99
What type of cervix does a mare have?
Conspicuous folds, clearly defined
100
What is the range of the vagina length in a ewe?
10-14 cm
101
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the birth canal for delivery of the fetus.
Vagina
102
What type of epithelium is found in the vagina of most animals?
Glandless stratified squamous epithelium
103
Species difference in the epithelium of the Vagina
Cow
104
What anatomical structure marks the transition between the vagina and the vestibule?
External urethral orifice
105
True or False: The vulva is considered internal genitalia.
False
106
What is the definition of pregnancy in animals?
A condition of a female animal while young are developing within the uterus
107
What does the gestation period include?
* Fertilization
* Early embryonic development
* Implantation
* Placentation
* Continued growth of the fetus
108
What type of placenta is described as having erosion?
Deciduate
109
109
No erosion Placentation
Non deciduate or indeciduate
110
Totally applied placentation
Diffuse
111
Only diffuse placentation
horse or mare, sow or pig
112
Only applied by buttons or cotyledons
Cotyledonary
113
Cotyledonary Placentation Species
Ox and Sheep
114
Zonary Placentation
Cat and Dog or Carnivores
115
Discoidal PLacentation or disk-shaped
Humans and monkeys
116
In which type of placenta is the uterine epithelium intact?
Epitheliochorial
117
Uterine epithelium and connective tissue are eroded
Endotheliochorial
118
Diffuse and epitheliochorial
Sow or Pig
119
Deciduate and zonary
Bitch or dog
120
Non deciduate, cotyledonary
Cow and ewe or sheep
121
Diffuse, non deciduate, epitheliochorial
Mare or Horse
122
What type of placenta is found in cats?
Zonary, endotheliochorial
123
Glandular portion of Mammary Gland
Body
124
Order of ducts in Mammary Glands
Alveoli and Tubules
Intralobular ducts,
Lactiferous ducts
Lactiferous sinus
Teat Canal
125
Also known as milk vein
Subcutaneous abdominal vein
126
It joins the internal pudendal vein
Perineal vein
127
How many canals do the teats of a cow have?
One canal
128
What is the mammary gland derived from?
Modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands
129
What structure is referred to as the milk cistern?
Lactiferous sinus
130
Fill in the blank: The _______ canal is also known as the streak or milk canal.
Teat
131
What artery supplies the mammary gland?
External pudendal artery
132
How many glands does a sow typically have?
Either 10 or 12
133
What is the nerve supply of the mammary gland derived from?
Inguinal nerves and the posterior mesenteric plexus of the sympathetic
134
What is a unique feature of the mammary glands in a mare?
Two glands in prepubic region on either side of mid-line
135
Has two glands of two quarters each
Cow
136
Has two glands, teats have one canal
Ewe or Sheep
137
Either 10 or 12 glands arranged in two rows
Sow or Pig
138
Usually ten glands, teats have 8-20 canals
Bitch or Dog
