Avian Visceral Organs Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
Nostril species difference : located at the base of the beak; nares can be surrounded by
feathers or may be tubular in structure
A
Chicken
2
Q
Nostril species difference : operculum (a cornified plate) projecting from
dorsal border of nares
A
Chicken and Turkey
3
Q
Term for cornified plate in the nasal cavity
A
operculum
4
Q
Nostril species difference : operculum is covered by the fleshy cere; left and right ceres
may coalesce dorsally and, in many breeds of pigeon, are quite
pronounced
A
Pigeons
5
Q
Nostril species difference : nasal septum is perforated by a
small opening at the level of the nares
A
Duck and Goose
6
Q
In contrast to mammals, they are arranged in
a rostrocaudal, rather than dorsoventral, sequence
A
Nasal conchae
7
Q
Nasal cavity communicates with a single paranasal sinus
A
Infraorbital sinus
8
Q
presents as a conspicuous mound in the ventral
oropharynx, caudal to the tongue
A
Larynx
9
Q
A longitudinally oriented slit-like opening is located in the midline of the laryngeal mound
A
Glottis
10
Q
Responsible for opening and closing the glottis
A
Muscle dilatator, muscle constrictor glottidis
11
Q
prevent access
of foreign matter to the deeper airways through reflex
closure of the glottis. It does not contribute to
phonation
A
Larynx
12
Q
shaped like a ‘sugar scoop’
A
Cricoid cartilage
13
Q
Only paired cartilage, resembles a tuning fork with its tines directed caudally
A
Arytenoid cartilage
14
Q
supported by a series of cartilaginous
rings
A
Trachea
15
Q
Ossified cartilaginous rings in the trachea species,
A
Pigeons
16
Q
Number of tracheal rings in Chicken
A
120
17
Q
resembles a (?) with
the expanded portion alternately forming the left
and right half of each subsequent ring
A
signet ring
18
Q
Extend along the length of the trachea
A
tracheales
19
Q
Tracheal Muscles :
A
Tracheolateralis
cleidohyoideus
sternotrachealis
cleidotrachealis
20
Q
located at the level of the bifurcation of the
trachea into the primary bronchi
A
Syrinx
21
Q
The last four tracheal rings are
considered to be part of the syrinx , what specie
A
Chicken
22
Q
Present in song birds, absent in domestic poultry
A
Syringeal muscles
23
Q
Dilated compartment in the syrinx
A
Syringeal bulla or bulla syringis
24
Q
The bulla
is divided into a large and a small cavity and is
believed to act as
A
Resonance chamber
25
Occupy a dorsal position, on
either side of the vertebral column.
Lungs
26
Avian lungs are ?
Not lobed
27
Distinctive impressions that separate the lung tissue into segments known as tori intercostales
Sulci costales
28
Rectangular Lung
Chicken
29
Triangular in shape
Goose and duck
30
Volume of avian lung comparable to a mammal
One-tenth
31
Divisions of the bronchi
Two primary bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Parabronchi
Air capillaries or pneumocapillaries
32
First order bronchi
Primary Bronchi
33
Bronchi that contain walls with incomplete C-shaped rings of cartilage
Primary Bronchi
34
Present in more highly developed birds
Laterodorsal secondary bronchi
35
New lung term
neopulmo
36
Old lung term
Paleopulmo
37
Functional units of the avian lung
parabronchi or Third order bronchi
38
Parallel array of elongated tubules
Air pipes
39
Permits gas exchange to take place across blood-gas barrier
Air capillaries
40
Thin-walled deformable cavities attached to the lungs
Air sacs
41
Provide mechanical ventilation of the lungs by acting as bellows
Air sacs
42
Number of air sacs in chicken
Eight
43
Paired vs Unpaired air sacs
2 unpaired, 3 are paired
44
Unpaired air sacs
Clavicular and cervical air sac
45
Paired Air sacs, located caudally
Cranial Thoracic, Caudal thoracic and abdominal air sacs
46
Only species in the avian with no separation of the Thoracic air sac
Turkey
47
Primary Communication of the air sacs
Secondary Bronchi
48
Communication of the abdominal air sac
Primary Bronchi
49
Inspiration groups of air sacs
Cervical
clavicular
cranial thoracic Air Sac
50
Expiration groups of air sacs
Caudal thoracic
abdominal Air sacs
51
consists of a median chamber
lying over the oesophagus,
and two elongated
diverticulae that extend
cranially into the vertebral
canal and the transverse canal
of the cervical vertebrae
Cervical Air Sac
52
is capacious and complex
► envelops the heart, the great
vessels at the base of the heart
and the syrinx, as well as
penetrating the humerus and
extends between the muscles
of the pectoral girdle
Clavicular Air Sac
53
Located between the horizontal
and oblique septa.
► They have no diverticulae.
Cranial and Caudal Thoracic Air sac
54
Small in Chicken and absent in turkey
Caudal Thoracic Air sacs
55
Location of air sac perfusion anaesthesia
Left caudal thoracic air sac
56
project around the abdominal
viscera
► Their volume far exceeds that of the
other air sacs, with the right being
larger than the left
Abdominal Air sac
57
Dorsally lie against kidneys, as well as testes in the male
Abdominal air sac
58
Inspiration muscles
Levatores costarum
Scalenus
Intercostales externi
59
Expiration muscles
Muscles of abdominal wall
intercostales interni
60
combined cavity that is
surrounded dorsally and ventrally by the beak
Oropharynx
61
Distinctive features of avians
Beak
62
Form the bony foundation of the beak
Maxilla and mandibles
63
Horny sheath covering the beak bones
rhamphotheca
64
Upper portion of rhamphotheca
Rhinotheca
65
Lower portion of rhamphotheca
Gnathotheca
66
dorsal median ridge of the upper beak
Culmen
67
ventral midline structure equivalent to
culmen
Gonys
68
a hard horny plate at the tip of the upper
and lower beak in many waterbird species
Nail
69
cutting edge of the upper and lower
beak, where the inner and outer layers of horn
come together
Tomium
70
a sharp calcified
projection found on the culmen of full term chicks;
used by young birds during hatching to break the
egg membrane and sometimes also to penetrate
the shell; lost shortly after hatchin
Egg tooth
71
Pointed and hooked beak
Galliformes
72
Flattened into a spoon like shape beak
Anseriformes
73
Latter region where it is thickened forming a structure known as
cere
74
Multiple aggregations of sensory receptors that form part of a complex sensory structure known as the
Bill tip organ
75
Sensory receptors are housed within
Touch papillae
76
Counterpart of meissners and merkels corpuscles in mammals
Herbst and Grandry corpuscles
77
Forms the dorsal boundary of the combined cavities
Palate
78
Elongated, sometimes oval that connects the oropharynx with the left and right nasal cavities
Median cleft or choana
79
lies caudal to the choana which connects with the
middle ear;
Infundibular Cleft
80
shape and development
varies markedly, according to diet
Tongue
81
Bone that Supports the body of the tongue
paraglossum or entoglossum
82
It differs markedly from the hyoid apparatus of mammals
Hyobranchial apparatus
83
surrounds the
slit-like glottis, the entrance to the
laryngeal cavity
Laryngeal mound
84
Other term for crop
Ingluvies
85
Also called gaster
Stomach
86
dilation of the
esophagus immediately before its entry into
the body cavity
crop
87
Regurgitated and fed to nestlings
crop milk
88
Highly expandable stomach type of avian
Carnivorous
89
The stomach prepares the ingesta physically and chemically, stomach type
herbivorous
90
Reduced to a rudimentary diverticulum stomach type
intermediate
91
Glandular Stomach
Proventriculus
92
Muscular stomach
Ventriculus or gizzard
93
Referred to as masticatory organ as it replaces the function of the teeth
Gizzard
94
Retroperitoneal in location
gizzard
95
Shorter than domestic mammals
Intestine
96
Most intestine of grain and grass feeders than in carnivores are?
Longer
97
It is present in all segments of the intestine
Villi
98
Responsible for breakdown of cellulose
Caecum
99
Reabsorption of water occurs in
Rectum and cloaca
100
Collective term for jejunum and ileum
Jejunoileum
101
Aggregated lymph nodules particularly in chicken, that are most conspicuous near Meckel's diverticulum
Peyer's Patches
102
an embryonic remnant of the yolk
stalk,
Meckel's diverticulum
103
an intestinal loop in the middle of
the jejunoileum
ansa axialis
104
rudimentary structure often
considered to represent the
boundary between the jejunum
and ileum,
Meckel's Diverticulum
105
Percentage of absence of meckel's diverticulum in Chicken
40%
106
Percentage of absence of meckel's diverticulum in Ducks
20%
107
Percentage of absence of meckel's diverticulum in Geese
10%
108
particularly well developed in the chicken
Ceca
109
Each caecum is richly endowed with lymphatic tissue known as
Cecal tonsils
110
Short and rudimentary in what species
Pigeons
111
Absent in what species
Parrots and carnivorous species
112
Unpaired Caecum species
Loons and herons
113
Communicated with the rectum via a single opening, what species
Ostrich
114
Continuous with rectum
Coprodeum
115
Ureters and genital duct open
Urodeum
116
Term for genital duct in male
Deferent duct
117
In female genital duct
Left Oviduct
118
Cloacal bursa
Bursa of Fabricius
119
Its terminal section is the bursa of fabricius that opens in the dorsal wall
Proctodeum
120
In males, proctodeum houses the copulatory organ on its floor
Phallus
121
External opening of the cloaca
Vent
122
Cloacal muscle
Cloacales
123
Allows the cloaca to expand for copulation etc
Cloacales or cloacal muscles
124
It surrounds the vent
Sphincter cloacae
125
Birds are ?, that excrete toxic nitrogenous compounds particularly ammonia or uric acid
Uricotelic
126
Birds lack what enzyme in the urinary system
Uricase
127
Function of uricase
Convert urate into allantoin
128
Absent in birds
Urinary bladder
129
Unique feature of renal system in avians
renal portal system
130
Embedded dorsally in excavations of the synsacrum
Kidneys
131
emerges from the ventral surface of the kidney in the region of the
middle renal division
Ureter
132
Reproductive organ that only matures and function in Avians
Left ovary and oviduct
133
What happens to the right side of reproductive body
Regress
134
Located craniodorsally in the intestinal peritoneal cavity
Ovary
135
Ovary consists of what, during hatching
Cortex and medulla
136
It contains the ovarian follicles, and oocytes
Cortex
137
Largest female gamete in the animal kingdom
Mature oocyte of birds
138
What happens to the separation between cortex and medula during sexual maturity
Less distinct until completely obliterated
139
Blood vessels, nerves and smooth muscles are drawn
Peduncle
140
consists of a funnel-shaped proximal
section and a tubular distal portion
Infundibulum
141
Fertilization occurs in this segment
Infundibulum
142
Suspends the yolk as it rotates about its longitudinal axis
Chalazae
143
Longest and broadest segment of female genital tract
Magnum
144
Time spent of oocyte in magnum
Three hours
145
Oocyte passes through this part around 1.5 hours
Isthmus
146
Secretory products contain components essential for inner and outer shell membranes
Isthmus
147
It later forms in the space between inner and outer shell membranes during its travel through the isthmus
Air cell
148
Also known as the shell gland
Uterus
149
Number of hours in the uterus
20 hours
150
Thin, organic outermost layer of the egg
Cuticle
151
Serve as storage sites for sperm
Tubular utero-vaginal sperm host glands
152
Time taken for the egg to pass through the vagina
5-10 minutes
153
Similar to elephans and cetaceans, avian testes ?
Do not undergo descent
154
Birds lack
scrotum
155
lies against the dorsomedial
surface of the testis, extending
along approximately two-thirds of
the testicular border
Epididymis
156
The deferent duct follows a
strongly meandering course,
occupying a retroperitoneal
position
ventromedial to the kidney
Ductus deferens
157
Opening of ductus deferens
Ostium ductus deferentis
158
Location of ostium ductus deferentis
Conical papilla ductus deferentis in urodeum
159
Component of cloaca
Phallus
160
Mostly seen in chickens phallus
non-protrusible phallus
161
Composition of phallus in chickens
unpaired median phallic body
paired lateral phallic bodies
162
Male phallus in day old chicks
Rounded
163
Female phallus in day old chicks
Conical
164
Avian species with protrusible phallus
Ducks, geese and ratites
