Bacteria

Question 1

gram ____ has a lipoprotein outer wall

Answer 1

negative

Question 2

the cell wall of bacertai contains _______, which prevents osmotic lysis

Answer 2

proteoglycan

Question 3

inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan is one mechanism of action for ________

Answer 3

antimicrobials

Question 4

so bacteria are also ______ with a polysaccharide coating which prevents phagocytosis

Answer 4

encapsulated

Question 5

transpeptidase catalyzes the formation of the _____

Answer 5

cell wall

Question 6

penicillin binds to _______ to inhibit it

Answer 6

transpeptidase

Question 7

mycobacteria (TB), spirochetes, and mycoplasma are exceptions to _____ _____

Answer 7

gram stain

Question 8

in gram ________, the peptidoglycan layer does not block diffusion of LMW compounds, so substances that damage the cytopasmic membrane can pass through

Answer 8

positive

Question 9

in gram _____, the outer lipopolysaccharide membrane blocks the passage of substances to the peptidoglycan layer

Answer 9

negative

Question 10

antibiotics and chemicals that attack the peptidoglycan wall are unable to pass through in _____ ______

Answer 10

gram negative

Question 11

grape like cluster is _________

Answer 11

staphylococci

Question 12

staphylococcus is the _____, whereas staphylococcus auras is the ________

Answer 12

genus

species

Question 13

hydrogen peroxide is broken down by _______ and _______

Answer 13

catalase and peroxidase

Question 14

coagulase activates ______, causing blood to clot

Answer 14

prothrombin

Question 15

obligate aerobes cannot live without _____. they have catalase, peroxides, and superoxide dismutase

Answer 15

oxygen

Question 16

facultative _____ can grow in air or under low oxygen tension

Answer 16

aerobes

Question 17

______ aerobes have the faculties to be anaerobes but prefer aerobic conditions

Answer 17

facultative

Question 18

obligate _______ are killed by oxygen. They have no enzymes to protect them

Answer 18

anaerobes

Question 19

microaerophilic bacteria use _________ and have no ETC. they have tolerate low levels of oxygen. They don’t have catalase.

Answer 19

fermentation

Question 20

________ infect deep tissues and are often associated with gas production

Answer 20

anaerobes

Question 21

flagella is for mobility, _____ are for adhesion/binding, and capsules are for ______ from phagocytosis

Answer 21

pili

protection

Question 22

endospores have _______ and are resistant to the environment

Answer 22

dormancy

Question 23

_________ is the body’s solution to encapsulation

Answer 23

opsonization

Question 24

facultative intracellular organisms are _______ by the host’s macrophages but they ______ within the WBC by inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion. They escape the host’s _______ peroxide and superoxide radicals

Answer 24

phagocytized

survive

Question 25

exotoxins are _____ released from both gram ______ and gram negative bacteria

Answer 25

proteins | positive

Question 26

almost all gram _____ have _____ (except listeria)

Answer 26

positive | exotoxins

Question 27

enterotoxins are infectious ______ or food poisoning. Bacteria bind to the ____ _____

Answer 27

diarrhea | GI tract

Question 28

In food poisoning, bacteria grow in the food and release ________ in the food. This results in diarrhea and vomiting for less tha ______ hours

Answer 28

enterotoxin | 24 hrs

Question 29

botulism and tetanus release ________

Answer 29

neurotoxins

Question 30

pyogenic exotoxins stimulate the release of ________ and cause rash, fever, toxic shock syndrome (staph aureus and strep progenies)

Answer 30

cytokines

Question 31

endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides within gram ______ outer membrane released with the death of the bacterium

Answer 31

negative

Question 32

endotoxins are only in ______ ______

Answer 32

gram negative

Question 33

endotoxins are not a _______ excreted like exotoxin, but a normal part of the _____ _____

Answer 33

protein | outer membrane

Question 34

bacteremia can lead to ______, which causes a systemic immune response

Answer 34

sepsis

Question 35

in septic shock, both gram ______ and gram ______ infection

Answer 35

positive and negative

Question 36

________ are part of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria and are ________when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart

Answer 36

endotoxins | liberated

Question 37

_______ are produced in _____ ______ and are released following lysis

Answer 37

exotoxins | gram positive

Question 38

DNA fragments from one bacterium can incorporate itself into another _______

Answer 38

bacterium

Question 39

a virus can infect a bacteria in ________, making it a bacteriophage

Answer 39

transduction

Question 40

a bacteriophage carries a piece of bacterial ______ from one bacterium to another

Answer 40

DNA

Question 41

in ______, DNA is transferred via cell to cell contact

Answer 41

conjugation

Question 42

transposons have ______ and carry genes for antibiotic resistance and virulence

Answer 42

legs

Question 43

__________ are gram positive spheres (cocci). They differentiate from staph because they are in a _____ versus cluster

Answer 43

streptococci | line

Question 44

strep do not have ______ enzyme

Answer 44

catalase

Question 45

strep can _______ RBCs

Answer 45

hemolyze

Question 46

alpha hemolytic _____lyse, gamma "hemolytic" are unable to hemolyze. Beta completely lyse.

Answer 46

partially

Question 47

________ are gram positive cocci in clusters

Answer 47

staphylococci

Question 48

staphylococci have ________, blowing oxygen bubbles

Answer 48

catalase

Question 49

staph are ____ hemolytic, so they fully lyse RBCs. They are _______ positive.

Answer 49

beta | coagulase

Question 50

most staph are ______ resistant because they secrete penicillinase

Answer 50

penicillin

Question 51

staphy aureus are also ______ resistant

Answer 51

methicillin (MRSA)

Question 52

bacillus are gram ______, aerobic and ___ forming rods

Answer 52

positive | spore-forming

Question 53

bacillus anthraces has a ______ that prevents phagocytosis. Spore activates in ____

Answer 53

capsule

Question 54

bacillus cereus causes ______ _____

Answer 54

food poisoning

Question 55

clostridium are ______ _____, spore forming rods

Answer 55

gram positive

Question 56

clostridium is _____, and common in hospitals. Exotoxins are fatal.

Answer 56

anaerobic. examples: gas gangrene, tetanus, botulism

Question 57

the most common cause of antibiotic diarrhea is ______ _____ (5-10 days post antibiotic)

Answer 57

clostridium difficile

Question 58

C tetani is gram ______ rod, forms _______. Has a neurotoxic ______

Answer 58

positive spores exotoxin

Question 59

clostridium botulinum is a gram ____ rod. Spores resist ______, and produces neurotoxin

Answer 59

positive | boiling

Question 60

corynebacterium diphtheriae colonizes in the ______, forming a gray membrane

Answer 60

pharynx

Question 61

corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram _______ _____, but doesn't for spores

Answer 61

positive rod

Question 62

the gram positive rod with an endotoxin is _______

Answer 62

listeria

Question 63

listeria is worrisome for neonates, ______ and immunocompromised. Hides in macrophages or neutrophils.

Answer 63

pregnancy