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Bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

gram positive cocci

A

staph, strep

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2
Q

gram negative cocci

A

neisseria

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3
Q

gram positive rods

A

clostridium, corynebacterium, bacillus, listeria, mycobacterium, gardnerella

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4
Q

branching filamentous gram positives

A

actinomyces, nocardia (weakly acid fast)

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5
Q

pleomorphic gram negatives

A

rickettsiae, chlamydiae

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6
Q

spiral gram negatives

A

spirochetes (borrelia, leptospira, treponema)

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7
Q

bacteria that do not gram stain well

A

These Microbes May Lack Real Color
- treponema, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, legionella (intracellular), rickettsia (intracellular parasite), chlamydia (intracellular parasite)

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8
Q

mycobacteria

A

contains mycolic acid, high lipid content

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9
Q

mycoplasma

A

no cell wall - contains sterols

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10
Q

Giemsa stain bugs

A

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

- chlamydia, borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

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11
Q

Ziehl-Neelsen

A

acid-fast organisms - nocardia, mycobacterium

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12
Q

PAS

A

tropheryma whipplei

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13
Q

india ink stain

A

cryptococus neoformans

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14
Q

silver stain

A

legionella, fungi (pneumocystis), H pylori

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15
Q

chocolate agar with factors V and X

A

H influenzae

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16
Q

Thayer Martin (VPN media)

A

neisseria

- Vancomycin, Polymixin/colistin, Nystatin

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17
Q

Bordet-Gengou (potato agar)

A

B. pertussis (Bordet for Bordetella)

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18
Q

tellurite agar, Loffler medium

A

C. diptheriae

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19
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen agar

A

M. tuberculosis

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20
Q

Eaton agar, requires cholesterol

A

M. pneumoniae

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21
Q

MacConkey agar

A

lactose-fermeting enterics

  • e coli is also grown on eosin-methylene blue with green metallic sheen
  • MacConKEE’S agar: citrobacter, klebsiella, e coli, enterobacter, serratia
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22
Q

charcoal yeast agar buffered with cysteine and iron

A

legionella

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23
Q

Sabouraud’s agar

A

fungi

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24
Q

obligate aerobes

A

Nagging Pests Must Breathe

- nocardia, psuedomonas, MycoBacterium tuberculosis

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25
facultative intracellular
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY | - salmonella, neiseeria, brucella, mycobacterium, listeria, francisella, legionella, yersinia pestis
26
obligate intracellular
rickettsia, chlamydia
27
obligate anaerobes
Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air - clostridium, bacteroides, actinomyces - lack catalase or superoxide dysmutase - susceptible to oxidative damage - aminO2glycosides are effective because they require O2 to enter the cell
28
encapsulated organisms
SHiNE SKis - strep pneumo, HiB, Neisseria meningitidis, E coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumonia, group B Strep (first three bugs secrete IgA protease to colonize respiratory mucosa)
29
catalase-positive organisms
You need PLACESS for your CATs - chronic granulomatous disease have increased infections with these bugs because they lack NADPH oxidase - pseudomonas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, E coli, S aureus, Serratia
30
urease positive bugs
PUNKSS Can Handle urease | - Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S epidermidis, S saprophyticus, Cryptococus, H pylori
31
diptheria toxin
- secreted by c. diphtheriae, inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) - presents with pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck)
32
exotoxin A
- secreted by pseudomonas aeruginosa, inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) - leads to host cell death
33
shiga toxin
- secreted by shigella spp. and inactivates 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA - GI mucosal damage --> dysentery - ST also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS
34
shiga-like toxin
- secreted by EHEC and inactivates 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA - enhances cytokine release, causes HUS - unlike shigella, does not invade host cells
35
heat-labile toxin (LT)
- secreted by ETEC, overactivates adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP, increasing Cl secretion in gut - watery diarrhea - "Labile in the Air, Stable on the Ground"
36
heat-stable toxin (ST)
- secreted by ETEC, overactivates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP, decreasing NaCl and H20 absorption in the gut - watery diarrhea, "Labile in the Air, Stable on the Ground"
37
edema factor
- secreted by bacillus anthracis | - mimics adenylate cyclase (inc cAMP), resulting in edema surrounding black eschar
38
cholera toxin
- secreted by vibrio cholerae, overactivates adenylate cyclase, inc cAMP, by permanently activating Gs --> Cl secretion into the gut - voluminous "rice-water" diarrhea
39
pertussis toxin
- overactivates adenylate cyclase (inc cAMP) by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe - whooping cough, unknown if related to toxin
40
tetanospasmin
- produced by clostridium tetani, protease that cleaves SNARE proteins required for NT release - spasticity, risus sardonicus, and "lockjaw" - toxin prevents release of inhibitory NTs from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
41
botulinum toxin
- produced by clostridium botulinum, protease that cleaves SNARE proteins required for NT release - flaccid paralysis, floppy baby, toxin prevents release of stimulatory Ach signals and NMJ
42
alpha toxin
- produced by clostridium perfringens, phospholipase (lechithinase) degrades tissue and cell membranes - leads to myonecrosis ("gas gangrene") and hemolysis ("double zone" of hemolysis on blood agar)
43
streptolysin O
- produced by strep pyogenes, its a protein that degrades cell membranes - lyses RBCs, contributes to b hemolysis, Abs used to diagnose rheumatic fever
44
toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)
- produced by staph aureus, brings MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IFNgamma and IL 2 --> shock - TSS, scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning
45
exotoxin A
- produced by strep pyogenes, brings MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IFNgamma and IL 2 --> shock - TSS
46
Endotoxin effects
ENDOTOXIN | - edema, NO, DIC, Outer membrane, TNFa, O-antigen, eXtremely heat stable, IL-1, Neutrophil chemotaxis
47
strep pneumo most common cause of...
MOPS - meningitis, otitis media in kids, pneumonia, sinusitis - Most are OPtochin Sensitivte
48
EIEC
invades intestinal mucosa and causes necrosis and inflammation. clinical manifestations similar to shigella
49
EHEC
- shiga-like toxin, HUS, does not ferment sorbitol like other e coli
50
EPEC
no toxin produced, adheres to apical surface and prevents absorption - common in Pediatrics
51
ETEC
produces heat stable and heat labile enteroToxins | - watery travelers diarrhea
52
salmonella typhi
causes typhoid fever - rose spots on the abdomen, fever, headache, diarrhea - can remain in the gallbladder in carrier state
53
yersinia enterocolitica
transmitted via pet feces, contaminated milk, pork | - can mimic Chrons or appendicitis
54
H pylori
- catalase, oxidase and urease + - creates an alkaline environment - triple therapy: PPI + clarithromycin + amox or flagyl
55
VDRL false positives
viruses (mono, hepatitis), drugs, rheumatic fever, lupus/leprosy
56
reheated rice toxin
B. cereus
57
reheated meat dishes infection
C. perfringens
58
meats, mayo, custard preformed toxin
S. aureus
59
contaminated seafood infection
V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus
60
campylobacter diarrhea
comma or S shaped organisms, growth at 42C
61
E histolytica diarrhea
protozoan, amebic dysentery, liver abscess
62
salmonella diarrhea
lactose neg, flagelar motility, has animal reservoir, esp poultry and eggs
63
Y enterocolitica diarrhea
day care outbreaks, pseudoappendicitis
64
causes of watery (non-bloody) diarrhea
C diff, C perfringens, ETEC, V. cholerae, rotavirus, norovirus, protozoa (giardia, cryptosporidium)
65
most common causes of pneumonia in neonates
E coli, GBS
66
most common causes of pneumonia in kids (4 weeks-18yrs)
Runts May Cough Chunky Sputum | - RSV, Mycoplasma, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, Strep pneumo
67
most common causes of pneumonia in adults 18-40
Mycoplasma, C pneumoniae, S pneumoniae
68
most common causes of pneumonia in adults 40-65
S pneumo, H flu, anaerobes, viruses, mycoplasma
69
most common causes of pneumonia in the elderly
S pneumo, influenza, anaerobes, H flu, GNR
70
bugs causing pneumonia in alcoholic
s. pneumo, klebs, staph
71
bugs causing pneumo in CF
pseudomonas, s. aureus, s. pneumo
72
bugs causing pneumo in immunocompromised
staph, enteric GNR, fungi, viruses, PCP
73
bugs causing post-viral pneumonia
staph, H flu, s. pneumo
74
common causes of meningitis in 0-6mo
GBS, E coli, listeria
75
common causes of meningitis in 6 mo - 6 years
S. pneumo, N meningitidis, HiB, enteroviruses
76
common causes of meningitis 6 years - 60 years
s. pneumo, N. meningitidis, enteroviruses, HSV
77
common causes of meningitis 60+
S. pneumo, GNR, listeria
78
UTI bug with red pigment
serratia
79
UTI bug with "swarming" and associated with struvite stones
proteus
80
congenital toxo
chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
81
congenital rubella
PDA, cataracts, deafness +/- blueberry muffin rash
82
congenital CMV
hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash, "blueberry muffin" rash
83
congenital HIV
recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea
84
congenital HSV
encephalitis, herpetic vesicular lesions
85
congenital syphillis
stillbirth, hydrops, saddle nose, saber shins, CN VIII deafness, Hutchinson teeth

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