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Term 2! > BIOL 273 - Unit 5.1 + 5.2 > Flashcards

BIOL 273 - Unit 5.1 + 5.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the respiratory system allow for (4)

A
  1. Exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood
  2. Homeostatic regulation of body pH
  3. Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
  4. Vocalization
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2
Q

4 main processes of the respiratory system

A
  1. Gas exchange between atmosphere and lungs (ventilation)
  2. Gas exchange between lungs and blood - CO2 and )2
  3. Transport of gases by blood - CO2 and O2
  4. Exchange of gases between blood and tissues
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3
Q

What structures/systems exist in the respiratory system that is involved in both ventilation and gas exchange

A
  1. Conducting system - airways
  2. Exchange surface - alveoli
  3. Pumping system - bones and muscles of the thorax
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4
Q

Describe the conducting system

A

passages or airways - lead from environment to the exchange surface of the lungs

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5
Q

What two parts can the conducting system divide into and what strucutres are involved

A
  1. Upper respiratory tract
    - Mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
  2. Lower respiratory tract
    - Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
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6
Q

Describe the exchange surface

A
  • sites of gas exchange - the alveoli
  • tiny hollow sacs found at the ends of the terminal bronchiole
  • wrapped with an extensive capillary network which covers 80-90% of the alveolar surface
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7
Q

Gas exchange occurs by diffusion between…

A

alveoli and capillary

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8
Q

What are the types of alveoli cells

A
  1. Type I alveolar cells - large but thin
  2. Type II alveolar cells - smaller but thicker
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9
Q

Function of Type I alveolar cells

A

rapid gas diffusion

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10
Q

Function of Type II alveolar cells

A

synthesize and secrete surfactant (used to decrease surface tension to keep lung inflated)

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11
Q

What allows exchange with alveoli

A

blood vessels of the pulmonary circulation

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12
Q

Why is rate of blood flow high

A

becuse all the output of the right ventricle goes to the lungs vs. whole body for the blood leaving the left ventricle

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13
Q

Describe the pumping system

A

bones and muscle of the thorax allow for ventilation (inspiration and expiration)

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14
Q

What are the two lungs surrounded by

A

the pleural sac - forms a double membrane around each lung
- pleura is filled with fluid
- Acts as a lubricant

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15
Q

Describe the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas

A

inversely related

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16
Q

Amount of gas will dissolve in a liquid is determined by…

A
  1. Partial pressure of the gas
  2. Solubility of the gas in the liquid
17
Q

Partial pressure of an atmospheric gas equation

A

Pressure of atmosphere x % of gas in atmosphere

18
Q

Pressure volume relationships: Boyle’s Law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

19
Q

What is critical for ventilation

A

pressure-volume relationship
- during inspiration and expiration, the volume of the thoracic cavity changes

  • this causes changes in the alveolar pressure
20
Q

How does volume change occur in the lungs

A
  • lungs do not have muscles so they cannot change volume on their own
  • the muscles are in the chest wall - contraction will change thoracic volume
21
Q

What does the volume in the chest depend on

A
  1. The transpulmonary pressure - difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure
  2. Degree of elasticity of lungs
22
Q

What is the pressure inside the lungs referred to as

A

the alveolar pressure

23
Q

What is the pressure outside the lungs referred to as

A

pressure in the intrapleural fluid

24
Q

Importance of airways in ventilation and their requirements

A
  • Airways serve an important role in conditioning the air before it reaches the lungs
  1. Warm air to 37 degrees to maintain core body temp and protect alveoli
  2. Add water vapour to air to prevent drying of epithelia
  3. Filter out foreign material
25
Q

Describe the process of filtering foreign material in the airways using watery saline solution

A
  • cells move Cl from ECF into the cell via the NKCC - Cl transported to lumen of airway via apical anion channel
  • Na+ moves between cells from ECF to lumen
  • concentration gradient of NaCl draws water towards the lumen creating the watery saline solution
26
Q

What type of cells located in ciliated epithelia secretes mucous

A

goblet cells

27
Q

Describes how mucous is involved in the filtering of foreign material in the airways

A
  • Mucous contains immune cells that kill invaders
  • Mucus is moved up to the pharynx (mucus escalator)
  • Transferred to the digestive tract where additional bacteria are destroyed
  • transported by cilia
28
Q

Describe the steps of inspiration

A
  1. Somatic motor neurons trigger contraction of diaphragm and inspiratory muscles (external intercostals contract)
  2. Thorax expands - thoracic volume up
  3. Alveolar and intrapleural pressure decreases
  4. Lungs expand resulting in air flowing into lungs
29
Q

Describe the steps of Expiration

A
  1. Impulses from somatic motor neurons stop
  2. Diaphragm and thoracic muscles relax which returns thorax to their original positions - volume down
  3. Alveolar and intrapleural pressure increases
  4. Elastic recoil of the lungs decreases lung volume - air flows out of the lungs
30
Q

Describe expiration during quiet breathing

A

expiration is a passive process
- depends on elastic recoil of the thoracic muscles and the lungs

31
Q

Describe expiration during heavy breathing

A

expiration is an active process
- depends on contraction of internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

32
Q

Which muscles contract during inspiration?
Which muscles are active during expiration?

A

Inspiration - external intercostals
Expiration - internal intercostals

33
Q

Describe the Intrapleural pressure in the lung and explain why is it this way

A

sub- atmospheric: having lower pressure in the pleural fluid (outside lung) than inside lung helps keep lung expanded and open

34
Q

What happens to intrapleural pressure when air gets into pleural cavity

A

pressure increases

35
Q

Pneumothorax

A

when pressure difference between in and outside of the lungs is abolished (lung collapse)

36
Q

What are the two factors for breathing

A
  1. Compliance (stretchability) of the lungs
  2. The resistance to air flow in the airways

Term 2! (59 decks)

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