Development/Attachment module 8 Flashcards
Germinal Stage of Prenatal Development:
Development that occurs during the first two weeks following conception. Begins with the fertilization of the egg with sperm and ends when the placenta begins to function
Embryonic Stage of Prenatal Development:
Development that occurs between two weeks and approximately two months following conception. Stem cells begin to differentiate and organs begin to form.
Fetal stage and Prenatal development stage:
Development that occurs between two months following conception and ends at birth. Fetus is capable of movement and organs begin to function.
Prenatal development
the developmental period preceding infancy , beginning with conception (fusion of egg and sperm) and ending with birthing of a brand new individual
Period divided into three stages
1. Germinal stage
2. Embryonic stage
3. Fetal stage
Process of germinal stage
single celled zygate migrates along the fallopian tube on its way to implanting in the uterine wall (first two weeks post conception)
Migration takes 7 days, cell begins to multiply via mitosis
All the cells are undifferentiated: they have yet to specialize into their eventual cell types
Inner cell mass: embryoblast develops into the embryo
Outer cell mass is called trophoblast which joins with the embryoblast to form blastocyst
Germinal stage concludes when placenta becomes functional
Organism cannot be developped in fallopian tube or else it will be fatal
Process of Embryonic stage
(commences once placenta begins to function) (2 weeks and 2 months post conception)
Transfers materials through blood supply between embryo and mother , nutirents and harmful waste products pass back and forth
Cell differentiation occurs (mitosis)
Process of Fetal stage
cell division and differentiation continue (between 2 months post conception to birth)
Bones and muscles formed (motor activity)
Heart begins to function
Rapid expansion of brain tissue
Full term reached at 39-40 weeks
Child survives outside womb at 22-26 weeks
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS);
condition with adverse effects manifesting throughout development
Caused by drinking during early stages of pregnancy small head (microcephaly) and heart defects
Hyperactivity during childhood and slowed mental and motor development
As adults; depression, suicide, criminal behaviour
Tobacco uses during pregnancy
reduces the low of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus – miscarriage, prematurity, stillbirth
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) a result of smoking during pregnancy
Malnutrition vs overeating during pregnancy
Malnutrition: increase risk of schizophrenia in susceptible individuals
Overeating: increase the risk of a difficult birth
Can infants contract HIV from their mothers during pregnancy
Mother with Genital Herpes should have a Caesrean Section to prevent baby to contacting virus
Infants can prevent contracting HIV from their mothers since blood streams of both are separate, but should refrain from contacting blood and breastfeeding
Teratogens
Teratogens (in vegetables and food); class of chemical agents that are carcinogenic (cancer causing) and mutagenic (mutation causing)
A threat to embryo not large organisms
Too much causes miscarriage
The central nervous system takes the longest to develop thus effects of teratogens have the largest effect on this system for the longest time
Encephalization
Critical period should begin following the Germinal stage and concludes by approx. 16 weeks
Morning sickness is an evolutionary function of the human to avoid the bad effects of teratogens
Teratogens pose no risk to an organism during the germinal stage because it is not until the placenta becomes functional that teratogens can be passed from the mother to the embryo
Pregnancy sickness
food aversions that can induce nausea , vomiting
Physiologically induced dislike of foods containing toxic compounds is an adaptive response in mothers
Women with diets containing more teratogens experience more pregnancy sickness
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting: new borns looks for and follows the first large moving object it encounters , which must occur during a critical period, occuring during early development
Ex. Newly hatched gosling imprints on a stimulus, but adult geese cannot
They cannot distinguish between and adult goose and humans which shows that imprinting is stimulus independent (organism responds to a large and moving stimulus not specific stimuli like its mother)
Differences between imprinting and attachment
Difference between Attachment and imprinting: attachment occurs overtime through experience since the infant is unaware who the mother/caretaker is
Newborns show no preference of caretakers and adults – they just need someone to fulfill their needs
Newborns do not experience stranger anxiety
