BIOL 273 - Unit 6.4

Question 1

what are the 4 pathways of the immune response

Answer 1

Extracellular bacteria
Intracellular viruses
Allergic responses
Foreign tissue

Question 2

bacterial invasion results in

Answer 2

results in an inflammatory response (includes redness, swelling, tenderness)

Question 3

How can phagocytes and antibodies help when viruses first go through an extracellular phase prior to infecting a host

Answer 3

opsonize and neutralize

Question 4

Allergies

Answer 4

an inflammatory immune response to a non-pathogenic antigen
- inflammatory responses triggered by specific antigens

Question 5

Two types of allergic responses

(and how they are mediated)

Answer 5

1. Immediate hypersensitivity- happens in minutes
   - anitbody mediated
2. Delayed type hypersensitivity - takes hours to days
   - mediated by T cells and macrophages

Question 6

Steps in an immediate hypersensitivity of allergic reactions

Answer 6

1. Sensitization phase
2. Re-exposure

Question 7

describe the sensitization phase during imediate hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)

Answer 7

• Equivalent to primary immune response
• Antigen is ingested by APC - activates Th cell
• Th cell activates B cell to make IgE antibody class
• Th cell and B cell become memory cells

Question 8

describe the re-exposure phase during immediate hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)

Answer 8

• Equivalent to secondary response (body reacts strongly and rapidly)
• Generally , IgE on mast cells detects allergen
• Mast cells degranulate releasing cytokines and histamines (resulting in inflammatory reaction)

Question 9

Describe the variety in severity of allergic responses

Answer 9

Localized - rashes or hay fever
Systemic - anaphylatic shock (widespread vasodilation, circulatory collapse, bronchoconstriction)

Question 10

What are recognized as foreign tissue during tissue transplant

Answer 10

MHC proteins are primary tissue antigens that must be recognized as foreign aka Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

Question 11

What must occur for a tissue transplant to be successful

Answer 11

if the recipient and donor share the same HLA

Question 12

What are two possible outcomes of the transplant

Answer 12

1. Rejection of the host by the donor tissue - graft versus host
2. Rejection of the donor tissue by the recipient’s immune system - host versus graft

Question 13

What are the group of antigens that make up four blood types

Answer 13

A, B, AB, O

Question 14

What antibodies are found on RBC

Answer 14

people express antibodies to RBC’s that they do not possess in their plasma

ex. Type A blood has - anti B Abs

Question 15

What happens when the wrong blood type is introduced into the recipient

Answer 15

the antibodies react and the cells clump (agglutinate)