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Term 2! > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Traits

A

durable dispositions to behave in a particular way across a variety of situations
- 100s of traits
- core traits: 5-10 traits identified with self

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2
Q

Personality

A

person’s unique constellation of consistent behavioural traits

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3
Q

Temperment

A

physiological dispositions in response to the environment
- infants differ in temperament
- Reactivity, soothability, positive and negative emotionality
- Not due to prenatal influences (nutrition, drugs, pregnancy)
- Stable over time

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4
Q

Mental illness

A

unexpected sexual and aggressive urges in the unconscious

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5
Q

Personality results from

A
  • Early childhood experiences
  • Unconscious motives and conflicts
  • Coping strategies (to deal with anxiety)
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6
Q

Behaviour

A

interactions among three components of the mind: Id, Ego, superego

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7
Q

Id (and its principles and process thinking)

A

primitive instinctive component
- pleasure principle: immediate gratification of biological urges (going pee, chocolate)
- primary process thinking; irrational and fantasy oriented
- unaware of negative consequences

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8
Q

Ego (and its principles and process thinking)

A

decision making component
- reality principle: delay gratification until appropriate outlet and situation located

  • secondary process thinking: rational and realistic; considers norms and rules in society
  • Both id and ego want to maximize gratification; ego wants to avoid negative consequences
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9
Q

superego

A

morality component (3 to 5 years)
- Internalization of norms and rules

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10
Q

What are the levels of awareness

A
  • conscious
  • preconscious
  • unconscious
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11
Q

Conscious (level of awareness)

A

content we are aware of
- current train of thought
- content of working memory

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12
Q

Preconscious

A

content beneath awareness, easy to access
- current physiological state
- long term memory storage

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13
Q

Unconscious

A

content well beneath awareness, difficult to access
- dangerous thoughts, memories and desires

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14
Q

“evidence” for the unconscious

A

Freudian slips: reveals a person’s true feelings
- Dreams express hidden desires
- Psychoanalysis revealed previously unknown conflicts

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15
Q

Anxiety

A

conflicts building up in the unconscious begin to appear in the preconscious/conscious
(conflicts between the id and the ego/superego)

Conflicts about sexual and aggressive urges are powerful because they are thwarted more regularly

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16
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

see slide 8 for examples

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17
Q

Fixation (psychosexual development)

A

failure to progress to later stages
- Excessive gratification of sexual urges
- Excessive frustration of sexual urges
- Affect adult personality (determined by age 5)

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18
Q

Psychosexual development

A

Developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that influences adult personality
- sexual urges (physical pleasure) shift as children progress through early life (ex. eating, hug)

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19
Q

Psychosexual stages and personality

A
  • Oral stage (0-1 years): fixation can lead to obsessive eating or smoking as adult
  • Anal stage (2-3 years): punitive training can lead to hostility toward the trainer and generalized to others later ; tendency towards neatness, organization and detail
  • Phallic stage (4-5 years): Oedipal complex; erotic desire for opposite sex parent and hostility towards same-sex parent
  • Resolution of oedipal complex: purge desire for opposite sex parent and identify with same-sex parent (formation of superego)
  • Failure to resolve complex leads to personaility disturbances (psychopaths; no morals)
20
Q

Carl Jung

A

Felt freud was too dogmatic
- Analytical psychology: unconscious composed of two layers

21
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Felt freud too obsessed with sexual urges
- Individual psychology: people strive for superiority

22
Q

Jung’s Analytical psychology

A
  • unconscious determines personality
  • Personal unconscious: thoughts, memory and desires that have been repressed or forgotten
  • Collective unconscious: storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past
  • Archetypes; emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning
  • First to describe extroverted and introverted personality types
23
Q

Adler’s individual psychology

A
  • Striving for superiority: universal drive to adapt, improve oneself and master life’s challenges “best version of yourself”
    – Not dominance over others
    – Derives from childhood inferiority
  • Compensation: effort to overcome real or imagined inferiority thought self-improvement
    – Inferiority complex: exaggerated feelings of inferiority resulting from parental pampering or neglect
    – Overcompensation: attempts to hide feelings of inferiority from self and others (attain material goods and flaunt achievements)
  • First to suggest that birth order affected personality (bc they live in different environments)
24
Q

Criticism to psychodynamic perspecitves

A
  • Poor testibility: too vague and subjective to test empirically
  • Inadequate evidence: based primarily on case studies
  • Retrospective accounts require memory, which is fallible
  • sexist: tend to be male oriented
25
Q

Important contributions of psychodynamic perspectives

A
  • Unconscious influences of personality
  • Internal conflicts contribute to psychological distress
  • Childhood experiences contribute to adult personality
  • Defense mechanisms
26
Q

Humanism (humanistic perspective)

A

humans are unique in having freewill and the potential for growth
- humans control biological urges
- Humans are rational and conscious; unconscious has little effect

  • Phenomonenological approach: must understand each individual’s subjective experiences to explain behaviour
27
Q

Carl Roger’s Person centred theory; self concept

A

collection of beliefs about oneself (nature, unique qualities, typical behaviour)

Incongruence: the degree of disparity between the self-concept and actual experience
- We distort experience to be consistent with self-concept

Anxiety results when experience conflicts with self concept; ignore, deny, twist reality

28
Q

Carl Roger’s Person centred theory: Development of the self

A

Need for affection and acceptance;
- conditional affection depends on achievement; fosters incongruence (leading to recurrent anxiety)
- unconditional affection is not dependent on anything; fosters congruence

29
Q

Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization

A
  • Focused on describing healthy personality
  • self actualization: need to fulfill one’s potential; feel frustrated when thwarted (different for each person)
  • hierachy of needs
30
Q

Behaviorist perspective

A
  • Empirical approach that excluded the mind from investigation: study stimulus response; consequences of behaviour
  • Personality acquired through principles of learning :
    – No personality “strucutre”
    – History of reinforcement and punishment
    – Personality development is continuous
    — No stages
    — No emphasis on childhood experience
31
Q

operant conditioning in personality

A

personality is collection of response tendencies tied to stimulus situations
- some responses reinforced, others punished
- accounts for differences between situations

32
Q

Types

A

personalities as categories
- Everyone of the same type is alike
- Everyone of other types is different

33
Q

Dimensions

A

having more or less of an attribute
- everyone rated on dimension from low to high

34
Q

Informal Tests of personality; Myers-Briggs Type indicator

A
  • Typological theories of Carl Jung
  • 16 different types based on 4 dichotomies
  • Low test-retest reliability
  • Weak relationship between type and behaviour
35
Q

Myers Briggs Type indicator; the 4 dichotomies

A

Extraversion/introversion

Sensing/intuition (information gathering)

Thinking/feeling (decision making)

Judging/perceiving

36
Q

Formal Tests of personality (Dimensions)

A

Established reliability and validity
- Test-retest; self/other correlations
- predict behaviour

Control for impression management

Single dimension inventories:
- Rosenberg Self-esteem scale
- Sensation seeking:

37
Q

Formal Tests of Personality ; Sensation seeking ..

A

Thrill seeking (adrenalin)
Experience seeking (variety)
Disinhibition (sex, drugs, alcohol)

38
Q

Personality Dimensions; Gordon Allport

A
  • Emphasized present context over past experience
  • Individuals are unique
  • “Lexical Hypothesis”; 4500 traits
    – central traits: apply to everyone
    – Secondary traits: apply to some people, must have experience
39
Q

Personality Dimensions; Factor Analysis (Raymond Cattell)

A
  • Many traits reflect the same underlying factor: ex. honesty, honor, integrity, probity
    –correlational technique used to identify factors
    –16 basic dimensions of personality
40
Q

What happen to personality as we age

A

Dimensions are stable after age 30
Become more agreeable, more conscientious, less extroverted, and less open to experience as we age

40
Q

What are the Big 5 Personality Factors

A

Extroversion vs. Introversion
Neuroticism vs. Emotional bond
Agreeableness vs. Antagonism
Conscientiousness vs. Impulsiveness
Openess vs. Resistance

41
Q

Personality of firstborns

A

identifies with parents
- conventional and achievement oriented
- prominent scientists in history tend to be firstborn

41
Q

Personality of later borns

A

attempt to differentiate themselves from firstborn
- less conscientious but more agreeable and open to experience
- more rebellious
- revolutionaries in history tend to be later-born

42
Q

What makes up the dark triad

A
  • Machiavellianism
  • Narcissism
  • Psychopathy (Sociopathy)
43
Q

Machiavellianism

A
  • Manipulative personality
  • Machiavelli (“The Prince”)
  • Mach Scale (20 items)
44
Q

Narcissism

A
  • Grandiosity, entitlement, dominance, superiority
  • Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI: 40 items)
45
Q

Psychopathy (Sociopathy)

A
  • Impulsivity, charming, low guilt, low anxiety, low empathy, arrogance, egocentric, antisocial behaviour
  • Self report psychopathy scale

Term 2! (59 decks)

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