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Term 2! > kin 146 midterm 2 > Flashcards

kin 146 midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Thiamin function and coenzyme form

A
  • coenzyme form: TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate)
  • conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (energy metabolism)
  • nerve activity
  • carb metabolism to proceed through the TCA cycle
  • destroyed by heatr
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2
Q

Thiamin source

A
  • plant based burgers
  • meats in pork family
  • fortified flour, cereals , meats
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3
Q

Thiamin deficiency

A
  • alcohol impairs thiamin absorption (brain damage/function impairment)
  • beriberi disease (weakness in limbs)
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4
Q

Riboflavin function and coenzyme form

A
  • coenzyme form: FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
  • FAD picks up two hydrogens from the TCA cycle and delivers them to the ETC
  • destroyed by UV light
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5
Q

Riboflavin deficiency

A
  • inflammation of the membrane of the mouth , skin eyes and GI tract
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6
Q

Thiamin excess

A

No harm

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7
Q

Riboflavin excess

A

No harm

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8
Q

Riboflavin sources

A
  • milk and alternatives
  • whole grain
  • dark leafy greens
  • liver
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9
Q

Niacin function and coenzyme form

A
  • coenzyme form: NAD (nicotinaminde adenine dinucleotide) and NAPD (phosphate form)
  • carries hydrogens during metabolic rxns (TCA to ETC)
  • protect against neurological degeneration
  • made from AA tryptophan
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10
Q

Niacin deficiency:

A
  • made from tryptophan
  • pellagra disease
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11
Q

Niacin toxicity

A

Niacin flush raises HDL cholesterol

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12
Q

Niacin sources

A
  • Meat
  • poultry
  • fish
  • legumes
  • fortified grains
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13
Q

Biotin function

A
  • in the TCA cycle: delivers a carbon to 3 carbon pyruvate (replenishes oxaloacetate)
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14
Q

Biotin deficiency

A
  • skin rash
  • hair loss
  • neurological impairments
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15
Q

Biotin toxicity

A

none

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16
Q

Biotin sources

A
  • synthesized in GI tract bacteria
  • eggs
  • liver
  • fish
  • whole grains
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17
Q

Vitamin B6 function and coenzyme form

A
  • coenzyme form: PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)
  • add/remove amino acid groups
  • make niacin from AA tryptophan
  • lost when heated
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18
Q

Vitamin B6 a family of compounds…

A

pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine

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19
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency:

A
  • synthesis of neurotransmitter diminish
  • depression
  • confusion
  • alcohol use contribute to destruction
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20
Q

Vitamin B6 toxicity

A

neurological damage

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21
Q

Vitamin B6 sources

A
  • meat
  • fish
  • poultry
  • vegetables
  • stored in muscle
22
Q

Pantothenic acid function and coenzyme

A
  • part of structure of coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
  • easily destroyed by freezing, canning, refining processes
23
Q

Pantothenic acid deficiency

A
  • neurological disturbance: “burning feet”
  • fatigue
  • GI stress
24
Q

Pantothenic acid toxicity

A

none

25
Q

Pantothenic acid sources

A
  • beef
  • poultry
  • whole grains
  • broccoli
  • tomatoes
26
Q

Folate function and coenzyme form

A
  • coenzyme form: THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate)
  • converts B12 to coenzyme form
  • regenerates AA methionine to homocysteine
  • need for folate rises during pregnancy/ when cells are multiplying
  • destroyed by heat or oxidation
27
Q

Folate deficiency

A
  • neural tube defects
  • impairs cell division and protein synthesis
  • GI tract damage
  • smooth red tongue
28
Q

Folate toxicity

A
  • supplements can mask B12 deficiency
29
Q

Folate sources

A
  • fortifie grains
  • legumes/fruits/vegetables
  • reabsorbed via bile
30
Q

Vitamin B12 function and coenzyme form

A
  • closely related to folate
  • synthesis of DNA , RNA and regeneration of methionine
  • protects nerve fibres
  • bone cell activity
  • B12 coenzyme becomes activated
31
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency

A
  • atrophic gastritis (inadequate HCL - inflammation of the stomach)
  • pernicious anemia
  • neurological degeneration
  • macrocytic anemia
32
Q

Vitamin B12 toxicity

A

none

33
Q

Vitamin B12 sources

A
  • Animal foods
  • fortified milk alternatives
  • reabsorbed via bile
  • inactivated during microwave
34
Q

Choline function

A
  • Makes neurotransmitter acetylcholine and phospholipid lecithin
  • support neurological development and cognition
35
Q

Chloline deficiency:

A

liver damage

(made from methionine but not sufficient)

36
Q

Choline toxcity

A

None

37
Q

Choline sources

A
  • milk
  • eggs
  • peanuts
  • lecithin
38
Q

Sulphur function

A
  • Rigid component of proteins (nails, skin, hair)
39
Q

Sulphur deficiency

A

Converted from methionine and cysteine

40
Q

Sulphur sources

A

protein foods

41
Q

Iodine function

A
  • Thyroid hormones
  • Controls the rate which oxygen is being used by cells
42
Q

Iodine deficiency

A
  • Thyroid gland enlarges
  • mental impairment
  • cretinism
43
Q

Iodine sources

A
  • seafood: kelp, iondine containing salt

(impaired absorption by goitrogens)

44
Q

Iodine toxicity

A

enlarged thyroid

45
Q

Manganese function

A
  • Cofactor for enzymes used in metabolism
  • bone formation
  • conversion of pyruvate to a TCA cycle compound
46
Q

Manganese toxicity

A

(from environmental conditions - Nervous system disorder)
- brain disease
- abnormal appearance and behaviour

47
Q

Manganese deficiency

A

None

48
Q

Manganese sources

A
  • nuts
  • whole grains
  • leafy veg
49
Q

Chromium function

A
  • Glucose homeostasis
  • done by enhancing insulin activity
50
Q

Chromium deficiency

A
  • Elevated blood glucose
  • insulin and glucagon response impaired
51
Q

Chromium toxicity

A

None

Term 2! (59 decks)

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