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blood Flashcards

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1
Q

plasma

A

non-fluid matrix
clotting
55% of blood
made up of nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, inorganic ions
albumin (60%)
globulins (36%)
fibrinogen (4%)
90% water

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2
Q

blood

A

made up of plasma, buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets), and erythrocytes
distributes substances (O2, Co2, nutrients, hormones)
regulates blood levels of substances (temp, pH)
protection (antibodies, WBCs, plasma, and platelets)

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3
Q

albumin

A

substance carrier
blood buffer
major contributor of OP

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4
Q

alpha and beta globulins

A

produced by liver
transport proteins
bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat-soluble vitamins

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5
Q

gamma globulins

A

antibodies released by plasma cells

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6
Q

fibrinogen

A

produced by liver
forms fibrin threads of blood clot

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7
Q

non-protein nitrogen substances

A

by-products of cellular metabolites that blood gets rid of (urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium salts)

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8
Q

erythrocytes

A

make up 45% of blood
biconcave discs (efficient gas transport)
anucleate
possess no organelles
diameters larger than some capillaries
contain spectrin (help change shape)
each contain 250M Hb molecules (gas transport and blood viscosity)
high SA to volume ratio

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9
Q

Hb

A

composed of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains (globin component)
heme component (gives blood red color)

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10
Q

hematocrit

A

BV that is RBCs
47% for males
42% for females

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11
Q

erythropoiesis

A
  1. myeloid stem cell-> proerythroblast
  2. proerythroblast->basophilic->polychromic->orthochromatic erythroblast->recticulocytes (within 15 days)
  3. recticulocytes enter bloodstream
  4. becomes mature RBC (2 days)
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12
Q

dietary requirements for erythropoiesis

A

AAs
lipids
carbs
iron
B12
folic acid

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13
Q

life span of erythrocytes

A

100-120 days
1. Hb in old RBCs degenerate and get trapped in the spleen where macrophages engulf them
2. heme and globin are separated and the iron within them is recycled
3. heme gets degraded to bilirubin in the liver which gets degraded to urobilinogen in the intestines and leaves the body as stercobilin in feces
4. globin gets metabolized into AAs and gets released into the circulation

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14
Q

recticulocyte

A

indicate rate of RBC formation
low count indicates tissue hypoxia
high count indicated increased blood viscosity

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15
Q

granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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16
Q

agranular leukocytes

A

lymphocytes
monocytes

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17
Q

neutrophils

A

3-6 lobes in nucleus
2x size of RBC
phagocytic
most numerous
contain hydrolytic enzymes (defensins)

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18
Q

eosinophils

A

bilobed nucleus
granules
lysosome-like
digest parasitic worms
role in allergies and asthma

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19
Q

basophils

A

rarest
nucleus within 2 constrictions
large granules
contain histamine
similar to mast cells

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20
Q

lymphocytes

A

2nd most numerous
circular nuclei
T cells (target viruses and cancers)
B cells (produce antibodies)

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21
Q

monocytes

A

largest
U or kidney shapes nucleus
differentiates into macrophages
targets viruses, intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic infections
activates lymphocytes

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22
Q

leukopoiesis

A

production of WBCs from hematopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow
stimulated by interleukins and CSFs

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23
Q

CSFs

A

chemical messengers named for the WBCs they stimulate

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24
Q

lymphoid stem cells

A

develop into lymphocytes

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25
myeloid stem cells
develop into all other WBCs
26
platelets
cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes which are derived from megakaryoblasts contain serotonin, Ca2+ enzymes, ADP, PDGF act in clotting process, form temp platelet plug that help seal breaks in blood vessels inhibited via NO and prostacyclin degenerate in ~10 days regulated by thrombopoietin
27
leukopenia
abnormally low WBC count drug-induced
28
leukemia
cancerous leukocytes fill red bone marrow immature nonfunctional WBCs in bloodstream
29
leukocytosis
abnormally high WBC count
30
anemia
reduction below normal in Hb or RBC number
31
thalassemias
one globin chain absent or faulty RBCs thin, delicate, deficient in Hb
32
sickle-cell anemias
1 AA chain wrong in a globin beta chain RBCs crescent shaped RBCs rupture easily and block small vessels
33
polycythemia vera
bone marrow cancer-> excess RBCs and blood viscosity absolute
34
secondary polycythemia
less O2 available or EPO production increases-> increased RBC count absolute
35
relative polycythemia
temporary results from diarrhea, vomitting, or diuretics
36
agglutinogen
antigen that causes the formation of antibodies
37
agglutinins
antibodies that cause RBCs to clump together
38
agglutination
clumping of particles together
39
transfusion reaction
diminished O2-carrying cap diminished BF beyond blocked vessels Hb in kidney tubules-> renal failure
40
crossmatching
detects the presence of antibodies in the recipient against RBCs of the donor to make sure they are fully compatible
41
erythroblastosis fetalis
occurs only in Rh- mom and Rh+ fetus baby is healthly first delivery-> mother synthesizes anti-Rh antibodies during second pregnancy antibodies can cross placenta and destroy RBCs of Rh+ baby
42
RhoGAM
contains anti-Rh that must be administered w/ a prebirth transfusion and exchange transfusion after birth
43
buffy coat
<1% of blood made up of WBCs and platelets
44
hemorrhagic anemia
rapid blood loss treated via blood transfusion
45
chronic hemorrhagic anemia
slight, but persistant blood loss (hemorrhoids, bleeding ulcer)
46
iron-deficiency anemia
caused by hemorrhagic anemia, low iron intake, or impaired absorption microcystic, hypochromic RBCs treated via iron supplements
47
renal anemia
lack of EPO accompanies renal disease treated via synthetic EPO
48
aplastic anemia
destruction or inhibition of red marrow by drugs, chemicals, radiation, viruses treated via transfusions (short-term) or transplanted stem cells (long-term)
49
hemolytic anemia
premature RBC lysis causes by Hb abnormalities, incompatible transfusions, infections
50
intrinsic factor
produces vitamin B12 in stomach
51
pernicious anemia
decrease in RBCs intestines can't absorb vit. B12 properly treated via B12 supplements or B12 injections
52
vascular spasm
SM in the blood vessel wall constricts
53
platelet plug formation
platelets stick to exposed collagen
54
coagulation
intrinsic extrinsic common
55
intrinsic pathway
factor 12->factor 11->factor 9->factor 8->factor 10
56
extrinsic pathway
TF (factor 3)->factor 7-> factor 10
57
common pathway
factor 10->prothrombin->thrombin (factor 2)->fibrinogen->fibrin (factor 1)->clot formation
58
factor 10
activated via factor 5 and ca2+
59
clot retraction
1. actin and myosin in platelets contract 2. pulls on fibrin strands, squeezing serum from clots 3. draws ruptured blood vessels together 4. stabilized clot
60
fibrinolysis
plasminogen->plasmin via tPA, factor 12, and thrombin->removes unneeded clots after healing
61
plasmin
fibrin-digesting enzyme
62
anticoagulants
inhibit blood clotting ex. heparin, asprin, warafin, dabagatran
63
heparin
1. activates antithrombin 3 2. inactivates factor 10 and inhibits the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
64
asprin
inhibits thromboxane
65
warafin
interferes w/ the action of vit. K
66
dabigatran
inhibits thrombin
67
CBC
checks formed elements, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels
68
SMAC
can detect liver and kidney disorders
69
fasting glucose levels
70-120 mg/dL (normal) measures current BG levels
70
hemoglobin A1C levels
5-7% (normal) measures past 3 months BG levels
71
thrombus
clot develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel blocks circulation can lead to tissue death
72
embolus
thrombus freely floating in bloodstream
73
embolism
embolus obstructing a vessel
74
thrombocytopenia
deficient number of circulating platelets petechiae appear due to spontaneous widespread hemorrhage due to suppression or destruction of red bone marrow treated via transfusion of concentrated platelets impairs vit. K and fat absorption prevents liver from producing bile caused by vit. K deficiency, hepatitis, or cirrhosis inability to synthesize procoagulants
75
hemophilia
prolonged bleeding into joint cavities treated w/ plasma transfusions and injection of missing factors increases risk of hepatitis and HIV ex. A, B, C
76
hemophilia A
most common factor 8 deficiency
77
hemophilia B
factor 9 deficiency
78
hemophilia C
mild factor 11 deficiency
79
fibrin
protein backbone of a bloodclot
80
Rh factor
positive indicates Rh antigen present negative indicates that Rh antibodies present
81
pluripotent stem cells
produces neutrophils, basophils, thrombocytes, and lymphocytes
82
serum
blood plasma w/o clotting factors

A&P (18 decks)

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