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heart Flashcards

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1
Q

murmur

A

sound of blood flowing through a valve

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2
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

narrowing of a valve due to Ca2+ deposits or endocarditis
leads to impaired BF from left atrium to left ventricle
increased generated force leads to left atrium hypertrophy and enlargement
treated via BB, CCB, surgery
symptoms include DOE, fatigue, loud S1, mid-diastolic murmur

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3
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

blood backflows into the mitral valve and back into the left atrium
reduces CO
may cause pulmonary hypertension

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4
Q

ischemia

A

heart is deprived of O2
leads to anaerobic respiration and lactic acid buildup
high Ca2+ and H+ conc.
can lead to mitochondria damage and closing of gap junctions

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5
Q

anoxia

A

deficiency or complete loss of O2 in other tissues of the body

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6
Q

angina pectoralis

A

chest pain
treated via nitroglycerin (vasodilator), BB, ballon angioplasty/stents

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7
Q

myocardial infraction

A

aka “heart attack”
Bf to the heart is stopped can be diagnosed via EKG, blood tests, angiogram, echocardiogram
treated via asprin, plavix, BB, surgery

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8
Q

CHF

A

heart has reduced ability to pump blood
long-term condition
can cause edema to the lower portions of the body

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9
Q

risk factors of myocardial infraction and angina pectoralis

A

hypertension
dyslipidemia
smoking

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10
Q

P-Q interval

A

time it takes atria to depolarize

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11
Q

Q-T interval

A

time it takes ventricles to depolarize and repolarize

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12
Q

flutter

A

rapid, regular contractions that can later progress to fibrillation

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13
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid, irregular contractions that can impair pumping of blood and cease circulation
can lead to brain death

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14
Q

heart block

A

few, or no impulses reach the ventricles, causing them to contract slowly

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15
Q

ventricular filling

A

mid-late diastole
AV valves open and ventricles start filling w/ blood due to the atria contracting
when pressure of the ventricles exceed the atria the AV valves close

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16
Q

isovolumetric contraction

A

ventricular systole
all valves closed
volume of blood stays the same
atria relax
ventricles contract
increase in pressure

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17
Q

ventricular ejection

A

when the pressure in the ventricle exceeds the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary arteries ventricular ejection occurs

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18
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A

early diastole
SL valves close
pressure decreases

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19
Q

CO

A

amount of blood the. heart pumps in 1 min
HR*SV

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20
Q

SV

A

amount of blood pumped out of one ventricle w/ each beat
EDV-ESV

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21
Q

frank-sterling law

A

increase in stretch of the heart-> increases contraction size-> increases CO
increase in EDV leads to increase in SV

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22
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

protects
anchors to surrounding structures
prevents overfilling

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23
Q

myocardium

A

made up of spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells and a cardiac skeleton which had interlacing layers of CT

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24
Q

endocardium

A

made of simple squamous epithelium
continuous w/ the endothelial linings of blood vessels and lines heart chambers and the cardiac skeleton of valves as well

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25
cardiac skeleton
anchor cardiac muscle fibers support vessels and valves limit the spread of APs to specific paths
26
left coronary artery
receive blood from aortic SL valve branches into circumflex, left marginal, and LAD arteries
27
right coronary artery
receives blood from pulmonary SL valve branches into right marginal and PAD arteries
28
incompetent valve
blood backflows so heart repumps same blood over and over
29
valvular stenosis
stiff flaps-> constrict opening heart must exert more force to pump blood
30
cardiac tamponade
excess fluid sometimes compresses heart->limits pumping ability
31
col pulmonale
enlargement of the right ventricle due to increased BP in pulmonary circuit
32
hypocalcemia
depresses heart
33
hypercalcemia
increased HR and contractility
34
hyperkalemia
alters electrical activity can lead to heart block and cardiac arrest
35
hypokalemia
feeble heartbeat arrhythmias
36
pulmonary congestion
left side fails blood backs up into lungs
37
peripheral congestion
right side fails blood pools in body organs leads to edema
38
treatment for pulmonary and peripheral congestion
diuretics vasodilators digitalis
39
coronary sinus
branches into great, middle, and small cardiac veins empties into right atrium
40
preload
degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract measures by EDV
41
contractility
contractile strength
42
afterload
pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood hypertension increases after load
43
female HR
faster than males
44
desmosomes
prevent cells from separating during contraction
45
inotrophic effect
affects contractility due to medications can be positive or negative
46
chronotrophic effect
affects HR positive or negative due to SNS or PNS
47
pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium creaking sound heard w/ stethoscope (pericardial friction rub)-> roughens membrane surface
48
HR effect on SV
increase in HR leads to the decrease in EDV, SV, and contractility because there is less time for ventricular filling
49
VR effect on SV
increase in VR leads to the increase in SV and EDV
50
BV effect on SV and CO
decrease in BV leads to a decrease in EDV and SV no change in CO
51
dicrotic notch
increase in aortic pressure due to blood rebounding against closed SL valve occurs during isovolumetric relaxation
52
short-term mechanisms for regulating BP regulate
vessel diameter HR contractility
53
increased resistance
decrease BF increase BP
54
increased length
decrease BF increase BP
55
increased diameter
increase BF decrease BP
56
increased viscosity
decrease BF increase BP
57
BP
force of blood pushing against walls of arteries
58
systolic pressure
pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
59
diastolic pressure
lowest level of aortic pressure
60
pulse pressure
difference b/w systolic and diastolic pressure
61
pulse
throbbing of arteries
62
MAP
pressure that propels blood to tissues diastolic pressure+1/3(pulse pressure) OR 1/3 systolic + 2/3 diastolic
63
vaso vasorum
part of large arteries and veins that nourish tunica externa
64
precapillary spinchters
regulate BF into true capillaries
65
veins
contain venous valves and venous sinuses formed when venules converge lower BP than arteries act as blood reservoirs large diameter little resistance contain up to 65% of blood supply
66
venous valves
prevent backflow of blood
67
venous sinuses
flattened veins w/ extremely thin walls (coronary sinus of heart)
68
long-term renal regulation
alters BV
69
direct renal mechanism
elimination of urine (decreases BP) conservation of water (increases BP)
70
indirect renal mechanism
RAAS renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I in liver-> angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II via ACE in lungs
71
angiotensin II
releases aldosterone and ADH increases thirst stimulates vasoconstriction increases BP
72
muscular pump
milks blood towards the heart due to contraction of skeletal muscle
73
respiratory pump
moves blood towards the heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand in response to pressure changes during breathing
74
venoconstriction
pushes blood towards the heart under sympathetic control
75
tunica intima
slick surface reduces friction elastic fibers simple squamous epithelium
76
tunica media
made up of SM and sheets of elastin control vasoconstriction and vasodilation influence BF and BP
77
tunica externa
made up of collagen fibers protect, reinforce, and anchor to surrounding structures contains nerve fibers and lymphatic vessels
78
elastic arteries
contain elastin large lumen low resistance acts as pressure reservoir inactive in vasoconstriction ex. aorta
79
muscular arteries
distal to elastic arteries deliver blood to organs active in vasoconstriction
80
arterioles
smallest arteries lead to capillary beds control flow via vasocontriction and vasodilation most resistance
81
capillaries
smallest blood vessels pericytes= help stabilize walls and control permeability exchange gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones b/w blood and ISF
82
continuous capillaries
abundant in skin and muscle cells help form BBB in brain rich in tight junctions
83
fenestrated capillaries
more permeable than continuous capillaries contain pores found in small intestine, endocrine glands, and kidneys function is absorption and filtrate formation
84
sinusoid capillaries
fenestrated few tight junctions found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla contain macrophages in linings
85
venules
formed when capillary beds unite very porous
86
secondary hypertension
due to issues in the kidneys, hyperthyroidism, and cushing's syndrome
87
blood flow
fastest in the aorta slowest in capillaries
88
vasomotion
slow, intermittent flow reflects on/off opening and closing of precapillary sphincters
89
HPc
force fluids through capillary walls 35 mm Hg at arterial end 17 mm Hg at venous end filtration occurs at arterial end
90
HPif
pressure that would push fluid into vessel 0 mm Hg
91
OPc
nondiffusible plasma proteins draw water towards themselves (pulls water into capillary) 26 mm Hg absorption occurs at venous end
92
OPif
1 mm Hg increases as fluid leaves the capillaries and enter IF
93
NFP
comprises all forces acting on capillary bed NFP=(HPc+OPif)-(HPi+OPc)
94
celiac trunk
comprised of left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries
95
hepatic portal vein
drains into splenic, gastric, superior and inferior mesenteric veins
96
atherosclerosis
arteries harden or thicken due to plaque build up
97
arteriosclerosis
arteries gradually harden and become damaged
98
aneurysm
abnormal buldge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel
99
circulatory shock
any condition in which blood vessels inadequately fill and blood cannot circulate normally results in inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs (hypoxia)
100
hypovolemic shock
results from large-scale blood loss
101
vascular shock
results for extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance
102
cardiogenic shock
results when an insufficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation (decreased CO)
103
fetal circulatory system
umbilical vein->ductus venosus (liver)-->foramen ovale (heart) OR ductus arteriosus (heart)->umbillical artery
104
ductus venosus
allows highly oxygenated blood to bypass liver to the inferior vena cava
105
foramen ovale
allows blood to bypass lungs and moves blood from the right atrium to the left atrium->left ventricle-> aorta-> aortic arch->umbilical arteries
106
ductus arteriosus
moves blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta->aortic arch->umbilical arteries
107
intercalated discs
two cardiac muscle cells connected by desmosomes and gap junctions
108
why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right?
increased resistance
109
increase in pH
leads to vasoconstriction
110
decrease in pH
leads to vasodilation
111
myogenic control
ability of SM to respond to changes in mechanical load or intravascular pressure
112
ADH
water reabsorption increase BP
113
aldosterone
sodium reabsorption increase BP
114
pectinate muscles
found in atrium

A&P (18 decks)

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