Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

interphase

A

G1= vigorous cell growth and metabolism
G0= cells that permanently cease dividing
S= DNA rep occurs
G2= prep for division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mitosis

A

diploid
consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes become visible
centrosomes separate and migrate towards opp poles
chromatids join at centromere
mitotic spindles and asters form
nuclear envelope disappears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

metaphase

A

centromeres of chromosomes align at equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

anaphase

A

centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously
pulled towards poles via motor proteins of kinetochores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

telophase

A

chromatin forms
new nuclear membrane forms
nucleoli reappear
spindle disappears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cytokinesis

A

begins in late anaphase
cleavage furrow forms
two identical daughter cells form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

meiosis

A

haploid
cell division producing gametes
occurs only in sex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

DNA rep

A

DNA helices separate to form rep forks at each end (unzips DNA)
each strand acts as a template for complementary strand
DNA polymerase starts to add nucleotides
copy of DNA is made via semi conservative rep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

semi conservative rep

A

each DNA is composed of 1 old and 1 new strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

transcription (replication->DNA-RNA)

A

transfers DNA gene base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA
loosens histones from DNA in area to be transcribed
binds to promoter region
mediates the binding of RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

translation (protein synthesis)

A

converts base sequences of nucleic acids into AA sequence of proteins
each 3-base sequence on DNA represented by codon
tRNA binds specific AA at one stem; anticodon at other end binds mRNA codon at ribosomes via H bonds; ribosome coordinates coupling of mRNA and tRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

codon

A

complementary 3-base sequence on mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

main categories of cancer

A

sarcoma
carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of epithelial origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

normal dividing cells
turn into cancer cells when tumor suppressor genes are inactive and cells divide continuously (can be due to a mutation in gene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

carcinogen

A

cancer causing agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

multistep theory

A

loss of tumor suppressor genes and over expression of oncogenes will cause cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chemotherapy

A

drugs used to shrink or kill cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

radiation therapy

A

radiation in the form of x-rays of protons used to kills cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cell differentiation

A

switch off certain unneeded cells and switch on needed ones
causes development of specific and distinctive features in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 sites of mRNA and tRNA coupling

A

aminoacyl
peptidyl
exit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

salivary
mammary
sweat
secretion, protection, excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
stratified columnar
male urethra pharynx secretion and protection
26
merocrine
secrete products via exocytosis most common ex. sweat
27
holocrine
accumulate products within then rupture ex. oil
28
apocrine
accumulates product within but only apex ruptures milk (mammary glands)
29
simple squamous epithelia
secretion and filtration gas exchange lungs
30
stratified squamous epithelia
skin
31
simple cuboidal epithelia
secretion and absorption kidneys
32
simple columnar epithelia
secretion and absorption goblet cells digestive system microvilli increased SA=Increased absorption
33
pseudostratified columnar epithelia
cilia secretion and absorption respiratory system
34
transitional epithelia
contain dome or umbrella cells aide in stretch bladder
35
areolar CT
universal packing material b/w other tissues loose arrangement of fibers prone to edema contain fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells distributed under epithelia of body and surrounds capillaries
36
adipose
adipocyte stores nutrients provides shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage found in breasts and conjunctiva
37
recticular CT
supports free blood cells in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow contains recticular fibers that support WBCs, mast cells, and macrophages
38
dense regular CT
collagen fibers run parallel (pull in one direction) poorly vascularized great tensile strength contains fibroblasts found in tendons and ligaments
39
dense irregular CT
resists tension from many directions thicker collagen fibers found in the skin and joint capsules contains fibroblasts
40
elastic CT
contains elastic fibers allows for recoil and stretch found in lungs and arteries
41
hyaline cartilage
chondrocytes in lacuna forms costal cartilages of the ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx
42
elastic cartilage
elastic fibers allow flexibility found in the ear and epiglottis
43
fibrocartilage
thick collagen fibers absorbs compressive shock found in the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
44
bone
osteocytes lie in lacunae highly vascularized contains calcium salts contains many collagen fibers
45
blood
contains RBCs, WBCs, and platelets within plasma transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
46
skeletal muscle
multinucleate striated voluntary movement
47
cardiac muscle
striated uninucleate contains intercalated discs involuntary control
48
smooth muscle
no striations spindle-shaped contains central nuclei involuntary control found in walls of hollow organs
49
neurons
contain cell body, dendrite, and axon transmit electrical signals contain neuroglia (supporting cells)
50
inflammatory response
1. inflammation 2. mast cell degranulation= vasodilation (redness and heat) and increased blood flow to the area (edema) 3. activation of 3 plasma systems (complement, clotting, kinin)= pus (WBCs) 4. release of sub-cellular comp from damaged cells= thrombosis (platelets) and stimulation of nerve endings (pain)
51
functions of the integumentary system
protection body temp regulation cutaneous sensation metabolic func blood reservoir excretion
52
sebaceous
oil glands
53
apocrine
sweat glands in the armpit ceruminous glands in the ear glands in the sexual organs (mammary glands)
54
eccrine
sweat glands in the palms, soles, and forehead
55
melanocytes
cells that produce melanin in the stratum basale of the epidermis
56
melanin
darker colored pigment
57
1st degree burn
redness, edema, pain epidermis
58
2nd degree burn
blisters epidermis and part of the dermis
59
3rd degree burn
loss of nerve cells skin grafting necessary entire thickness of skin involved
60
rule of nines
gives an idea of how much of your total body's surface area a burn takes up informs treatment based on size and intensity of the burn
61
basal cell carcinoma
most common least malignant spreads slowly can be removed
62
squamous cell carcinoma
2nd most common metastasizes can be treated via radiation therapy or removal involves keratinocytes
63
melanoma
involves melanocytes most malignant highly metastasizes can be treated via removal or immunotherapy early detection is crucial
64
hair
dead keratinized cells of hard keratin warn off insects on skin protection from physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight
65
follicle
part of both epidermis and dermis
66
matrix
hair growth occurs here
67
papilla
provides blood supply
68
errector pili
smooth muscle responsible for goosebumps
69
shaft
contains medulla, cortex, and cuticle
70
bulb
base of follicle contains matrix and root hair plexus
71
root hair plexus
touch/sensation detection
72
wound healing process
1. clot is replaced by granular tissue (restored blood supply) 2. fibroblasts produce collagen fibers 3. macrophages phagocytize 4. epithelial cells multiply and migrate over granulation tissue 5. epithelium thickens 6. regenerated epithelium and scar tissue results
73
carotene
yellow to orange pigment predominant in the palms and soles accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermis converted into vitamin A to aide in vision and epidermal health
74
bilirubin
comes from hemoglobin can indicate liver disorder by displaying yellow cast over skin provides yellow pigment of urine converted in large intestines in conjunction with bile making feces brown
75
recticular layer
dense irregular CT
76
papillary layer
loose areolar CT
77
vellus hair
peach fuzz
78
terminal hair
hair on the scalp, eyebrows, armpits, and pubic areas hair on the face and neck of males
79
dermis
papillary layer recticular layer
80
epidermis
stratum corneum stratum lucidum (thick skin) stratum granuleosum stratum spinosum stratum basale
81
comedo
clogged oil gland whitehead (closed pore) blackhead (open pore)
82
acne
inflammed oil gland stimulated by androgens
83
UVA
results in skin cancer
84
UVB
results in sun burn
85
cutaneous membrane
driest membrane skin
86
serous membrane
lines body cavities and organs heart, lungs, etc
87
mucous membrane
lines cavities open to the outside digestive, respiratory, urogenital tracts
88
good regeneration capability
bone epithelia dense irregular CT areolar CT
89
moderate regeneration capability
smooth muscle dense regular CT
90
no regeneration capability
cardiac muscle nervous tissue
91
touch receptors
meissner's corpuscles pacinian corpuscles merkel (tactile) cells
92
langerhan's (dendritic) cells
immune cells
93
keratinocyte
majority of cells in the epidermis protects from microbial invasion and UV exposure hydrates skin contributes to heat and cold sensation produces keratin which hold skin cells and layers together
94
sudoriferous glands
sweat glands
95
Ca2+ phosphate
gives bone its compressive strength aka hydroxyapatite
96
endothelium
lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels and heart simple squamous epithelium
97
mesothelium
epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity
98
goblet cells
unicellular exocrine gland mucous cells produce mucin found in found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts
99
male pattern baldness
caused by follicular response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone)
100
bronzing
inadequate steroid hormones (cortisol and aldosterone) addison's disease melanocyte stimulating hormone activated
101
stratum corneum
cells in this layer of skin die
102
lamina propia
basement membrane
103
fibrosis
CT replaces destroyed tissue but original function is lost
104
dermal papillae
peglike folds on the papillary layer of the dermis
105
lamellar granules
glycolipids that slow water loss
106
phomelanin
yellow to red pigment
107
eumelanin
brown to black pigment

A&P (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions