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endocrine system Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

autocrine

A

chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them (ex. prostaglandins)

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2
Q

paracrine

A

locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them (ex. histamine)

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3
Q

hormone

A

long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood/lymph
can be either AA or steroid based

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4
Q

AA hormones

A

water-soluble (ex. proteins, AA’s, and peptides)

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5
Q

steroid hormones

A

lipid-soluble (ex. cholesterol and sex hormones)

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6
Q

signal transduction of proteins/peptide hormones

A
  1. hormone binds to receptor
  2. receptor activates G-protein
  3. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  4. cAMP activates protein kinases
    *amplify signals due to activation of multiple substrates, resulting in many activated proteins and a large response
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7
Q

signal transduction of steroid hormone

A
  1. steroid hormone diffuses through PM and binds to an intracellular receptor
  2. receptor/hormone complex enter nucleus
  3. receptor/hormone complex binds to specific DNA region
  4. transcription of gene to mRNA
  5. mRNA directs protein synthesis
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8
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin (sleep)

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9
Q

thyroid gland

A

secretes TH (metabolism)

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10
Q

thymus

A

secretes thymosin (immune response)

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11
Q

pancreas

A

secretes insulin (regulates blood glucose levels)

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12
Q

adrenal glands

A

secretes E/NE (flight/fight response)

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13
Q

kidneys

A

secretes renin (controls BP)

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14
Q

ovaries

A

releases estrogen (regulation of menstrual cycle)

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15
Q

testes

A

release testosterone (sperm production)

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16
Q

hypothalamus

A

CRH, GnRH, TRH
drained by the hypophyseal portal system

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17
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

MSH (melanin production)
FSH (production of egg in ovary)
LH (release of egg from ovary)
ACTH (regulates cortisol levels)
TSH (TH production)
prolactin (breast milk production)
GH (stimulates growth)

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18
Q

posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin (childbirth/releases breast milk)
ADH (inhibits urine production and raises BP)

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19
Q

hypersecretion of ADH

A

can result in edema (water retention)

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20
Q

hyposecretion of ADH

A

can result in dehydration

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21
Q

hypersecretion of GH

A

can result in acromegaly (gigantism)
can cause type II diabetes

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22
Q

hyposecretion of GH

A

can result in dwarfism

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23
Q

hypersecretion of prolactin

A

inappropriate lactation
lack of menses
infertility in females
impotence in males

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24
Q

endocrine system

A

delayed response
prolonged effects

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25
humoral stimuli
changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones
26
nerve stimuli
nerve fibers stimulate hormone release adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines
27
hormonal stimuli
hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones (ex. hypothalamic and pituitary hormones)-> trophic hormones
28
PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism
1. phospholipase C splits PIP2 into DAG and IP3 2. DAG activates protein kinase 3. IP3 releases Ca2+
29
phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors
sildenifil (viagra) tadalafil
30
thyroid gland
anterior to trachea 2 lateral lobes separated by medial isthmus follicular cells produce TH (T3 and T4) via TSH or low iodine levels parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin increases metabolic rate and heat production regulates tissue growth and development maintains BP
31
hyperthyroidism
can cause graves disease
32
hypothyroidism
can cause myxedema/goiter due to lack of iodine can cause cretinism in infants
33
parathyroid glands
posterior aspect of thyroid gland PTH increases Ca2+ levels by stimulating osteoclast activity calcitonin decreases Ca2+ levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity
34
hyperparathyroidism
can soften and deform bones can depress NS can form kidney stones
35
hypoparathyroidism
can result in tetany can result in respiratory paralysis can result in death
36
adrenal glands
superior portion of kidneys adrenal medulla release E and NE adrenal cortex releases aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens
37
aldosterone
stimulates Na+ resorption and water retention eliminates K+
38
aldosteronism
hypersecretion of aldosterone can cause hypertension and edema can cause hypokalemia (results in abnormal func. of neurons and muscle)
39
cortisol
gluconeogenesis= formation of glucose from fats and proteins increases BG, fatty acids, and AA levels ACTH released in response to CRH
40
hypersecretion of cortisol
can result in cushing's syndrome (depression of cartilage and bone func., depression of immune system, inhibition of inflammatory response, disruption of CV, neural, and GI func.)
41
hyposecretion of cortisol
can result in addison's disease (decreased BG and Na+ levels, weight loss, severe dehydration, hypotension)
42
pancreas
contains islet of langerhans contains alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, and upsilon cells inside islet of langerhans alpha cells secrete glucagon (increase BG) beta cells secrete insulin (decrease BG)
43
DM
type 1= insulin-dependent; treated via insulin type 2= not insulin-dependent; treated via medication, diet, exercise, or insulin
44
MOA of insulin
increased glucose levels trigger insulin release, which then triggers increased glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells via GLUT4
45
adrenal medulla
releases E as a result of SNS's fight/flight response increases HR, BP, sweating, bronchodilation, blood flow to skeletal muscle, and BG when released into blood, E acts as a hormone when released by nerve axons to act on other neurons or glands, E acts as a neurotransmitter
46
hashimoto's thyroidism
hypothyroidism decreased T3 and T4/increased TSH= primary decreased T3 and T4/decreased TSH=secondary
47
hGH
increases glucose and AA uptake increases protein synthesis
48
zones of adrenal gland
zona glomerulosa= secretes aldosterone zona fasciculata= secretes cortisol zona reticularis= secretes androgens
49
adipose tissue
leptin= appetite control resistin= insulin antagonist adiponectin= enhances sensitivity to insulin
50
enteroendocine cells
gastrin= releases HCl secretin= stimulates liver and pancreas cholecystokinin= stimulates pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter serotonin= acts as paracrine
51
ANP
decreases BP
52
kidneys
secrete erythropoietin and renin
53
thymus
secretes thymulin, thymopoietins, thymosins development of T cells in immune response act as paracrines
54
skin
cholecalciferol (precursor of vit. D)
55
skeleton
osteocalcin= secretes more insulin, restricts fat storage, improves glucose handling, reduces body fat
56
T3
more biologically active and potent
57
T4
more present than T3 (90%)
58
insulin
peptide hormone promotes anabolism of glycogen, fats, and proteins
59
cortisol
steroid hormone
60
TH
lipid-soluble
61
chief cells
secrete PTH
62
chromaffin cells
secrete E (80%) and NE (20%)
63
prolactin
inhibited via dopamine
64
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate the release of
ADH from the hypothalamus in response to high osmotic pressure
65
TSH
increases the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland increases the growth of the thyroid gland
66
thyroxine
tyrosine + iodine
67
somatostatin
inhibits the secretion of other hormones, mainly glucagon and insulin secreted by delta cells in pancreas also secreted by hypothalamus
68
protein anabolism is promoted by
insulin somatotropin cortisol triiodothyronine
69
erythropoietin
secreted by kidneys increase hematopoiesis
70
Ach
increases secretion of insulin
71
renin
secreted in response to low BP
72
trophic hormones
MSH FSH LH ACTH TSH GH
73
glycogenolysis
glycogen->glucose
74
gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates

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