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respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange in respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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2
Q

conducting zone

A

conduits to gas exchange sites
includes all other respiratory structures
cleanses, warms, humidifies air

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3
Q

nose

A

provides an airway for respiration
moistens and warms entering air filters and cleans inspired air
serves as resonating chambers for speech
houses olfactory receptors

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4
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
mucous and serous secretions contain lysozymes and defensins
cilia move contaminated mucus through throat
inspired air warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins
sensory nerve endings trigger sneezing

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5
Q

nasal conchae

A

enhance air turbulence
during inhalation, filter, heat, and , moisten air
during exhalation reclaim heat and moisture

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6
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

secrete mucus
warm and moisten air

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7
Q

larynx

A

provides patent airway
routes air and food into proper channels
voice production
houses vocal folds (true vocal folds)

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8
Q

cartilages of larynx

A

thyroid
cricoid
arytenoid (2)
corniculate (2)
cuneiform (2)
epiglottis

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9
Q

glottis

A

opening b/w vocal folds

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10
Q

voice production

A

folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs

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11
Q

trachea

A

mucosa ciliated pseudostratified epithelium w/ goblet cells
submucosa CT w/ seromucous glands
adventitia outermost layer of CT; encases C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

secondary bronchi

A

3 on right
2 on left
each supplies one lobe of lung

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13
Q

terminal bronchi

A

smallest
less than 0.1 mm diameter

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14
Q

alveoli

A

site of gas exchange via simple diffusion
simple squamous epithelium (type I)
cuboidal epithelium (type 2)-> secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

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15
Q

alveolar pores

A

equalize air pressure throughout lung

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16
Q

left lung

A

smaller than right
contains cardiac notch
separated into superior and inferior lobes via oblique fissure

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17
Q

right lung

A

superior, middle, inferior lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures

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18
Q

pleural fluid

A

provides lubrication and surface tension
assists in expansion and recoil

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19
Q

intrapulmonary pressure

A

aka intra-alveolar pressure
eventually always equalizes w/ Patm
diaphragm contracts, leading to decrease in pressure during inhalation; allows for more space so lungs can fill w/ air

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20
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in pleural cavity
always a negative pressure (4 mmHg lower than intrapulmonary pressure->creates suction)

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21
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

keeps airways open
Ppul-Pip
lungs collapse if Pip=Ppul or Patm
prevents lungs from collapsing

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22
Q

boyle’s law

A

reduced size=increased pressure
P1V1=P2V2

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23
Q

inspiration

A

diaphragm and external intercostals contract pulling ribs downwards
active process

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24
Q

expiration

A

passive process

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24
forced inspiration
can be due to vigorous exercise or COPD scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor contract
25
forced expiration
active process abdominal (oblique and transverse) and internal intercostals contract
26
flow
is equal to delta P (2 mmHg or less) over R
27
surface tension
attracts liquid molecules to one another at gas-liquid interface resists any force that tends to increase SA of a liquid water-high surface tension of alveolar walls reduces them to smallest size
28
surfactant
lipid and protein complex produced by type 2 alveolar cells reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse
29
infant respiratory distress syndrome
insufficient quantity of surfactant in premature infants alveoli collapse after each breath
30
pulmonary ventilation
aka breathing moving air into and out of lungs done by respiratory system
31
external respiration
O2 and CO2 exchange b/w lungs and blood done by respiratory system
32
internal respiration
O2 and CO2 exchange b/w systemic blood vessels and tissues done by circulatory system (also transports O2 and CO2 in blood)
33
pressure
decreases during inhalation and increases during exhalation
34
volume
increases during inhalation and decreases during exhalation
35
bronchi->bronchioles
smaller diameter less cartilage, more SM epithelium changes from columnar to cuboidal (loss of cillia)
36
increase in blood CO2 levels
H+ levels increase increases breathing rate to expel CO2 decrease pH
37
air flow
external nares->nasal cavity->internal nares->nasopharynx->oropharynx->laryngopharynx->larynx->trachea->primary bronchus->secondary bronchus->tertiary bronchus->bronchiole->terminal bronchiole->respiratory bronchiole->alveolar duct->alveolar sac->alveolus
38
total lung capacity
TV+IRV+ERV+RV max amount of air contained in the lungs after a max inspiratory effort
39
IRV
IC-TV amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal TV inspiration
40
RV
FRC-ERV amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
41
IC
TV+IRV max amount of air that can be inspired after normal TV inspiration
42
FRC
volume of air in the lungs after normal exhalation RV+ERV
43
ERV
max amount of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation
44
VC
IRV+TV+ERV max amount of air that can be exhaled after max inhalation
45
TV
IC-IRV amount of air inhaled or exhaled w/ each breath under resting conditions
46
ADS
aka anatomical dead space no contribution to gas exchange air remaining in passageways (~150 mL)
47
alveolar dead space
non-functional alveoli due to collapse or obstruction
48
total dead space
sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space
49
dalton's law
total pressure exerted by mixture of gases=sum of pressures exerted by each gas
50
partial pressure
pressure exerted by each gas in mixture directly proportional to its percentage in mixture aka henry's law
51
venous blood PO2
40 mmHg
52
alveolar PO2
104 mmHg
53
venous blood PCO2
45 mmHg
54
alveolar PCO2
40 mmHg
55
perfusion
BF reaching alveoli
56
ventilation
amount of gas reaching alveoli
57
oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin + O2 fully saturated if all 4 heme groups carry O2 partially saturated when 1-3 heme carry O2 increased affinity
58
deoxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin - O2 (binds to H+) decreased affinity
59
histotoxic hypoxia
cells unable to use O2, as in metabolic poisons
60
hypoxemic hypoxia
abnormal ventilation; pulmonary disease
61
carbonic acid formation
CO2+H2O via carbonic anhydrase in RBCs
62
chloride shift
outrush of HCO3- from RBCs balanced as Cl- moves into RBCs from plasma
63
pulmonary capillaries
HCO3-+H+=H2CO3 (split via carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water)-> CO2 diffuses into alveoli
64
haldane effect
amount of CO2 transported affected via PO2 encouraged CO2 exchange in tissues and lungs dissociated Hb from O2 binds w/ CO2 to form carbaminohemoglobin.
65
bohr effect
as more CO2 enters blood more O2 dissociates from Hb
66
VRG
aka ventral respiratory group rhythm generating and integrative center sets eupnea (normal rate and rhythm)-> 12-15 breaths/min inspiratory neurons include phrenic and intercostal nerves in medulla
67
DRG
aka dorsal respiratory group integrates input from peripheral stretch and chemoreceptors; sends info to VRG in medulla
68
pontine respiratory centers
influence and modify activity of VRG->transmit impulses to VRG smooth out transition b/w inspiration and expiration
69
hypercapnia
increased CO2 levels
70
CO2
most potent and soluble majority transported as bicarbonate ions
71
hyperventilation
increased depth and rate of breathing which removes CO2
72
hypocapnia
decreased CO2 levels may lead to apnea (breathing cessation)
73
peripheral chemoreceptors
activated when PO2 falls below 60 mmHg
74
hyperpnea
increased ventilation in response to metabolic needs
75
COPD
irreversible decrease in ability to force air out of lungs hypercapnic "blue bloater"
76
chronic bronchitis
inhaled irritants chronic excessive mucus obstructive airways impaired lung ventilation and gas exchange frequent pulmonary infections inflamed and fibrosed lower respiratory passageways
77
asthma
reversible COPD active inflammation of airways due to immune response caused by the release of interleukins, IgE, and recruitment of inflammatory cells->magnify effect of broncospasm
78
TB
infectious disease caused by bacteria treated via 12 month course of antibiotics
79
emphysema
loss of elastic fibers in alveoli making them collapse reduces SA "pink puffers"
80
spirometry
can distinguish COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, scoliosis
81
restrictive disorders
pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, scoliosis decrease VC, TLC, FRC, RV, FVC
82
obstructive disorders
COPD, bronchitis, asthma increase TLC, FRC, RV decrease FEV
83
adenocarcinoma
originates in peripheral lung areas (bronchial glands and alveolar cells) ~40% of cases
84
squamous cell carcinoma
in bronchial epithelium 20-40% of cases
85
small cell carcinoma
contains lymphocyte like cells that originate in primary bronchi and metastasize ~20% of cases
86
positive cooperativity
increased pressure increases binding of O2 to heme molecule
87
henry's law
solubility of a gas in a liquid increases as the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid increases solubility of gases decreases with increasing temperature
88
decreased alevolar PO2
pulmonary arteriole vasoconstriction
89
decreased alveolar PCO2
bronchial constriction
90
increased alveolar PO2
pulmonary arteriole vasodilation
91
increased alveolar PCO2
bronchial dilation
92
increased temperature
decreased affinity for O2 Hb curve shifts to right
93
decreased temperature
increased affinity for O2 Hb curve shifts to left
94
H+
directly stimulates central chemoreceptors, increasing respiration
95
phrenic nerve
causes diaphragm to contract
96
pulmonary stretch receptors
inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs
97
arytenoid cartilage
anchors vocal cords
98
inspiration
intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
99
recoil of lungs and surface tension of the alveolar fluid
forces that pull the lungs away from the thoracic wall and collapse the lungs
100
bronchial arteries
provide systemic blood to lungs (oxygenated)
101
CO2
7% dissolved directly into plasma 23% carried in the form of carbinaminohemoglobin 70% transportsed as bicarbonate ion in plasma
102
bicarbonate
returned to RBC in pulmonary capillary
103
bronchial veins
carry deoxygenated blood away from lungs to the heart
104
exhalation
intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

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