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nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

triglycerides

A

saturated (meat, dairy, trans fats)
unsaturated (seeds, nuts, olive and vegetable oils)

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2
Q

cholesterol

A

egg yolk
meats
organ meats
shellfish
milk

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3
Q

essential fatty acids

A

linoleic (omega 6) and linolenic (omega 3) acid->helps lower chances of heart disease
found in vegetable oil

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4
Q

functions of lipids

A

help absorb fat-soluble vitamins
major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle
cholesterol stabilizes membrane (precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones)
prostaglandins-> SM contraction, BP control, inflammation
phospholipids essential in myelin sheaths and all cell membranes
adipose tissue-> protection, insulation, fuel storage

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5
Q

complete proteins

A

contain all needed AA’s
eggs, milk, fish, most meats, soybeans
legumes+cereal grains= contain all essential AA’s

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6
Q

incomplete proteins

A

lack some essential AA’s
legumes, nuts, cereals

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7
Q

structural materials of proteins

A

keratin
collagen
elastin
actin
myosin

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8
Q

functions of proteins

A

enzymes
some hormones

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9
Q

nitrogen balance

A

rate of protein synthesis=rate of breakdown and loss

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10
Q

positive nitrogen balance

A

synthesis exceeds breakdown
in children, pregnancy, and tissue repair

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11
Q

negative nitrogen balance

A

breakdown exceeds synthesis
in stress, burns, infection, injury, starvation, poor dietary proteins

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12
Q

starch

A

complex carb
in grains and vegetables

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13
Q

sugars

A

fruits
sugarcane
sugar beets
honey
milk

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14
Q

insoluble fiber

A

cellulose
provides roughage

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15
Q

soluble fiber

A

pectin in apples and citrus fruits
lowers blood cholesterol

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16
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins B and C
not stored in body->excreted if not used within 1 hr

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17
Q

vitamin C

A

aka ascorbic acid
promotes the laying down of collagen in CT
antioxidant->neutralizes free radicals
deficiency can result in scurvy (degeneration of skin, teeth, blood vessels)
overdose can result in GI upset

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18
Q

vitamin B6

A

aka pyridoxine
coenzyme used in AA metabolism
deficiency linked w/ neurological symp.
overdose can result in numbness of hands/feet and unstable gait

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19
Q

vitamin B3

A

aka niacin
deficiency can cause pellagra
overdose can result in liver damage and skin flush

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20
Q

vitamin B12

A

coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism
deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia

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21
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins A, D, E, K
stores in body except for vit. K
vitamins A and E neutralize free radicals (antioxidants)
broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts= good source of vit. A and C

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22
Q

vitamin A

A

provitamin A (B-carotene)
structural comp. of visual pigment retinol
antioxidant
deficiency can lead to night blindness
overdose can result in blurred vision, liver toxicity, alopecia

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23
Q

vitamin D

A

converted to calcitrol via PTH in kidneys
increases role of intestinal Ca2+ and phosphates absorption
deficiency can lead to osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children
overdose can result in brain, CV, and kidney damage
common cause of deficiency is steatorrhea (fat malabsoprtion syndrome)

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24
Q

vitamin E

A

stabilizes intracellular membranes
needed for hair/skin maintenance
helps prevent damage to cell membranes
antioxidant

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25
vitamin K
aquamephyton, antihemorrhagic vitamin synthesizes 3 clotting factors and prothrombin produced by bacteria in LI overdose can result in liver damage and anemia coumatin (anticoagulant)= blocks vit. K uptake and utilization to decrease prothrombin formation by liver and prolong clotting times
26
minerals
inorganic ions released by dissociation of electrolytes work w/ nutrients to ensure proper body functioning Ca2+, phosphorous, K+, sulfur, Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, iron, iodine vegetables, legumes, milk, some meats
27
carb metabolism
oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6+6O2->6H2O+6CO2+32 ATP + heat) glucose enters cells via FD phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate most cells lack enzymes for reverse rxns-> traps glucose inside cell (intestines and kidneys)->liver can reverse rxn and release glucose keeps intracellular glucose conc. low for continued glucose entry
28
glycolysis
10 steps anaerobic occurs in cytosol glucose->2 pyruvic acid final products are 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH+H+, 2 ATP, 2 H2O if O2 present, moves onto krebs cycle in mitochondria if no O2 present, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid-> may be converted to glucose-6-phosphate for storage as glycogen in liver or de-phosphorylation
29
krebs cycle
aerobic, but does not directly use O2 NADH molecules must be oxidized to NAD+ pyruvic acid from glycolysis converted into acetyl coA (acetic acid+coenzyme A) and then enters krebs cycle acetyl coA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate forms 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP as products
30
chemiosmotic process
couples movement of substances across membrane to chemical rxns energy used to pump H+ across mitochondrial membrane (flows through ATP synthase membrane channel->energy used to phosphorylate ADP)
31
ETC
oxidative phosphorylation NADH++H+ and FADH2 oxidized to NAD+ and FAD electrons passed along chain to final electron acceptor (O2) H+ pumped into intramembrane space (establishes proton gradient) water is byproduct
32
ATP synthase
produces ~30 molecules of ATP at the end of ETC
33
glycogenolysis
formation of glucose form glycogen
34
gluconeogenesis
glucose is formed via AA's
35
glycogenesis
glucose is polymerized into glycogen stored in liver and skeletal muscles
36
coenzyme A
facilitates the transfer of carbon molecule
37
dehydrogenation
oxidation of molecules (H+ is removed from molecules and transfered) NAD+ and FAD becomes reduced into NADH and FADH2->provides electrons to ETC occurs in krebs cycle
38
decarboxylation
carboxyl group is removed from a molecule in order to form CO2 occurs in krebs cycle and results in acetic acid and CO2
39
calcium
most abundant mineral in human body
40
oxaloacetic acid
4-carbon molecule that starts krebs cycle
41
micronutrients
vitamins minerals
42
macronutrients
proteins carbs fat
43
protein metabolism
not stored in body oxidized for energy or converted to fat for storage if in excess
44
transamination
transfer of an amino group (-NH2) from one amino acid to a ketoacid, typically an α-keto acid (turns into glutamic acid)
45
oxidative deamination
in liver rids body of toxic ammonia glutamic acid converted to a-ketoglutaric acid urea excreted in urine via kidneys
46
amino acid pool
body's total supply of free AA's proteins lost in urine, hair, skin cells source for resynthesizing body proteins, forming AA derivatives, gluconeogenesis
47
carb and fat pools
oxidized directly to produce energy excess carbs are stored
48
absorptive state of carbs
anabolism exceeds catabolism nutrients stored glucose is the major source of energy and is converted in the liver to glycogen or fat which is released to the blood for storage in adipose tissue as VLDLs
49
absorptive state of lipids
chylomicrons transport lipids to muscle and fat most glycerol and fatty acids converted to triglycerides for storage which can used by adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle as energy source
50
absorptive state of proteins
excess AA deaminated and used for ATP synthesis or stored as fat in the liver most AA used in protein synthesis
51
insulin
controls absorptive state stimulated by increased BG and AA levels and intestinal GIP and parasymp NS
52
DM
inadequate insulin production or abnormal insulin receptors glucose unavailable to most body cells increased BG levels glucose is lost in urine fats and proteins used for energy->metabolic acidosis, protein wasting, weight loss
53
glucagon
stimulated by decreased BG and increased AA levels hyperglycemic hormone
54
hypoglycemia
too much insulin in relation to amount of glucose decreased serum glucose levels to 50 mg/dL or below triggers SNS stimulation via E from adrenal medulla (fight or flight response) triggers the release of GH, thyroxine, sex hormones, corticosteroids
55
postabsorptive state
catabolism of lipids, carbs, and proteins exceed anabolism makes glucose available to blood promotes use of fats for energy (glucose sparing) triggered by reduced insulin release as BG levels drop (controlled via symp NS)
56
sources of glucose
glucogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscle lipolysis in adipose tissue and liver catabolism of cellular protein
57
lipoproteins
transport water-insoluble cholesterol and triglycerides in blood regulate lipid entry/exit of target cells contain triglycerides, phopholipids, cholesterol, and protein increased percentage of lipid= decreased density
58
VLDLs
mostly triglyceride transport triglycerides from liver to peripheral tissues (mostly adipose)
59
LDLs
cholesterol rich transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues for membrane, storage, or hormonal synthesis
60
HDLs
highest protein content transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver to be broken down and secreted into bile provide cholesterol to steroid producing organs
61
saturated fatty acids
stimulate liver synthesis of cholesterol inhibit cholesterol excretion from body
62
unsaturated fatty acids
enhance excretion of cholesterol enhance cholesterol catabolism to bile salts
63
trans fats
type of unsaturated fat ex. margarine worse than saturated fats increases LDLs and decreases HDLs
64
energy intake
energy liberated during food oxidation
65
energy output
~60% lost as heat used to do work via ATP stored as fat or glycogen
66
metabolic rate
total heat produced by chemical rxns and mechanical work of body influenced by body SA, age, gender, body temp, stress, thyroxine measured in post-absorptive state (reclining position, relaxed mentally and physically, room temp 25-25 C) BMR increases as ratio of body SA to volume increases
67
chylomicrons
lowest density composed of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids formed in intestines after the absorption of dietary fats transport dietary lipids from the intestines to various tissues via lacteals in the body to be stored or used
68
lipid metabolism
fats mostly transported via chylomicrons via lacteal hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol triglycerides used for energy converted to glucose if carbs deficient, but oxaloacetic acid must be present (w/o it, converted by ketogenesis in liver to ketone bodies)
69
glycerol
enters glycolysis as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate produces half the amount of ATP carbs do from oxidative phosphorylation
70
fatty acid
chains broken into 2-carbon acetic acid fragments and reduced co-enzymes (acetic acid->acetyl coA->krebs cycle->reduced coenzymes->ETC)
71
lipogenesis
triglyceride synthesis
72
lipolysis
glycerol and fatty acids used for fuel
73
ketosis
increased ketones in blood increases acidity of blood=metabolic acidosis symp. include fruity breath, increased RR to release CO2 and increase pH ketone bodies excreted in urine commonly found in starvation, unwise dieting, and DM
74
cholesterol
total recommended levels= less than or equal to 200 mg/dL HDL= greater than 60 is good; less than 40 is not good LDL= less than or equal to 100 mg/dL is good; greater than or equal to 130 mg/dL is not good
75
lactic acid fermentation
allows cells to make ATP w/o the involvement of O2 pyruvic acid->lactic acid (regenerates NAD+ and NADH) allows glycolysis to continue to produce ATP by maintaining the necessary supply of NAD+

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