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Chemistry Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

non-polar

A

-C-H bonds
-hydrophobic
-don’t have partial charges

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2
Q

polar

A

-H-N, O, F bonds
-hydrophilic
-have partial charges

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3
Q

H bonds

A

-polar
-bonds to N, O, F
-stabilizes structure of proteins and DNA
-provides properties of water

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4
Q

weakest->strongest bonds

A

H bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds

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5
Q

organic compounds

A

-contain C and H
-covalent bonds
-go through dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
-carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, ATP

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6
Q

inorganic compounds

A

-water
-salts
-acids
-bases
-ionic bonds

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7
Q

water

A

-high heat cap
-high heat of vap
-polar
-reactivity
-cushioning

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8
Q

acid

A

proton donor

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9
Q

base

A

proton acceptor

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10
Q

redox rxns

A

in exchange and decomposition rxns

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11
Q

function of proteins

A

-repair and maintenance of tissues,
-energy
-hormones
-enzymes
-transportation and storage
-antibodies

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12
Q

function of lipids

A

-energy storage
-chemical, messengers
-forming membranes
-cholesterol formation
-absorption of vitamins
-hormone production
-cell signaling,
-maintenance of temp

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13
Q

integral proteins

A

firmy inserted into membrane

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14
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loosely attached to integral proteins

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

holds components of the cell and protects the cell from damage

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16
Q

tight junctions

A

prevent fluids abd most molecules from moving b/w cells

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17
Q

desmosomes

A

-anchor cells together at plaques
-linker proteins
-gives stability

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18
Q

gap junctions

A

proteins that form pores that allow molecules to pass from cell-cell

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19
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A

-transport
-receptors for signal transduction
-attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
-enzymatic activity
-intercellular joining
-cell-cell joining

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20
Q

fibrous proteins

A

-keratin
-elastin
-collagen
-contractile fibers

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21
Q

globular proteins

A

-antibodies
-hormones
-enzymes

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22
Q

monosaccarides

A

-pentose sugars
-ribose and deoxyribose (structural molecules)
-hexose sugars
-glucose (major source of fuel)

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23
Q

dissacharides

A

-sucrose
-maltose
-lactose

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24
Q

polysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen

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25
saturated fats
-solid animal fats (butter) -single bonds -triglyceride (natural fats) -trans fat
26
unsaturated fats
-plant oils (olive oil) -double bonds -heart healthy -omega-3 fatty acids triglyceride
27
phospholipids
-important for cell membrane structure -hydrophilic head +hydrophobic tail
28
steroid
-4-ring structure -cholesterol -important in cell membranes -vit. D synthesis -steroid hormones -bile salts
29
ATP
-adenine-containing RNA nucleotide w/ 2 additional phosphate groups -directly powers chemical rxns in cells -phosphorylation
30
DNA
-double stranded in nucleus -pentose sugar is deoxyribose -bases are A,G,C,T
31
RNA
-single stranded outside nucleus -pentose sugar is ribose -bases are A,G,C,U
32
primary structure
sequence of AA's (amine + acid group)
33
secondary structure
a-helices and B-sheets
34
tertiary structure
3D shape
35
quaternary structure
2 or more polypeptide chains
36
denaturation
-proteins can be denatured due to heat and acidity -proteins unfold and lose functional 3D shape
37
dehydration synthesis
monomers are joined by the removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the site of bond formation (releases water)
38
hydrolysis
monomers are released by the addition of water, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other
39
enzymes
-catalysts -increases speed of chemical rxns -lowers activation energy -substrate binds to active site
40
holoenzyme
entire enzyme (coenzyme)
41
apoenzyme
protein portion of enzyme (inactive)
42
glycolysis
-glucose-> pyruvic acid -4 ATP -substrate level phosphorylation
43
krebs cycle
-pyruvic acid-> CO2 -2 ATP --substrate level phosphorylation
44
ETC
-~30 ATP -forms water -oxidative phosphorylation
45
C6H12O6+6O2->6CO2+6H2O+ATP
-glucose is oxidized -oxygen is reduced
46
phagocytosis
-engulfs solid particles into cell -type of endocytosis
47
pinocytosis
-engulfs liquid particles into cell -type of endocytosis
48
receptor-mediated
-imports macromolecules into cell via receptors -type of endocytosis
49
exocytosis
releases particles out of the cell
50
RMP
-more negative inside than outside -2 K+ pumped in (leakage channels for K+)-> pumped out 3 Na+ pumped out - -70 mV
51
ribosomes
protein synthesis
52
lysosome
clean out cellular debris via hydrolase (ex: macrophage)
53
smooth ER
lipid synthesis
54
nucleus
holds DNA
55
rough ER
protein synthesis
56
mitochondria
ATP synthesis
57
peroxisome
detoxifies toxic substances
58
golgi apparatus
modifies, packages, and transports proteins
59
primary active transport
-Na+/K+ pump -requires ATP -antiport
60
secondary active transport
-Na+ is used to bring glucose into cell -symport
61
bonds that hold proteins in the proper 3-D conformation
-covalent -ionic -hydrogen
62
example of simple diffusion
testosterone entering a skeletal muscle cell (lipophilic)
63
intermediate filaments
attach to the desmosome to resist pulling forces exerted on the cell
64
microtubules
radiate from centrosome
65
cillia
move substances across cell surface
66
microvilli
increase SA
67
hyperventilation
-blood pH more acidic due to more drop in CO2 levels -product is carbonic acid
68
holding breath
-blood pH more basic due to more CO2 accumulation -products are H+ and bicarbonate ion

A&P (18 decks)

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