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immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

non-specific resistance

A

aka natural immunity
immunity that is immediate throughout the body and serves as protection against a wide array of pathogens
present from birth

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2
Q

chemical and mechanical barriers of non-specific resistance

A

first-line of defense
tears
skin
mucous membranes

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3
Q

second line of defense of non-specific resistance

A

inflammation
fever
phagocytosis
complement and interferon (protective proteins)

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4
Q

antigen

A

molecule recognized as foreign by immune system and elicits an immune response

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5
Q

MHC

A

proteins found on a cell’s surface that distinguish b/w self and non-self

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6
Q

tissue transplant

A

recipient’s immune system recognize the transplanted tissue as foreign due to diff MHC proteins
leads to rejection and attacking of these cells within the recipient’s body
prevented via immunosuppressive therapy

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7
Q

immunoglobulin

A

aka antibodies
proteins produced by immune system and respond to foreign invaders

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8
Q

IgA

A

prevent pathogens from entering the body through mucosal membranes

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9
Q

IgD

A

present on the surface of B cells and activate them

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10
Q

IgE

A

associated w/ allergic reactions and parasites
trigger the release of histamines

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11
Q

IgG

A

most abundant
long-term immunity
opsonization and the neutralization of toxins

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12
Q

IgM

A

first antibody produced during an immune response

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13
Q

diversity of immunoglobulins

A

crucial for the immune system to recognize and respond to a wide variety of pathogens

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14
Q

humoral response

A

maturation of B cells in bone marrow
clonally expands and produces a population of identical cells
some become plasma cells and secrete antibodies
form memory cells
has extracellular targets

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15
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells mature in the thymus
cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor T cells
has intracellular targets

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16
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

kill antigens by releasing cytotoxic substances
targets cancers, virus-infected cells, intracellular bacteria/parasites, mismatched transfusions, and organ transplants

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17
Q

helper T cells

A

release cytokines that stimulate the release of other immune cells

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18
Q

suppressor T cells

A

suppress immune responses that are too excessive in nature via cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-B)

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19
Q

clonal selection

A

naive lymphocyte’s first encounter w/ an antigen and its selection for further development

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20
Q

secondary immune response

A

more rapid and heightened immune rxn that occurs upon re-exposure to an antigen

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21
Q

immunological memory

A

ability of the immune system to remember previous encounters w/ specific antigens and respond efficiently upon re-exposure

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22
Q

memory cells

A

include B and T cells
remember a specific antigen and produce a faster response upon re-exposure

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23
Q

hapten

A

small molecules that elicit an immune response and produce antibodies when bounded to larger carrier proteins or macromolecules
ex: drugs, chemicals
causes delayed hypersensitivities
must be presented to T cells along with foreign antigens in order to trigger T cell cloning

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24
Q

adaptive immunity

A

third-line of defense
attacks particular foreign substances
specific=recognizes and targets specific antigens
systemic=not restricted to initial stie

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25
opsonization
marks pathogen coating by complement proteins or antibodies
26
phagocytes
neutrophils macrophages
27
phagosome
particles in vesicle
28
phagocytosis
helper T cells cause release of enzymes of respiratory burst which release cell-killing free radicals, produce oxidizing chemicals, and increase pH and osmolarity of phagolysosome defensins in neutrophils pierce membrane
29
NK cells
non-phagocytic large granule lymphocytes attack cells that lack self cell-surface receptors (MHC class I) induce apoptosis enhance inflammatory response antibody coating target cell (opsinization)
30
inflammatory response
macrophages and epithelial cells of boundary tissues bear TLRs trigger release of cytokines that promote inflammation mediators include kinins, PGs, and complement dilate arterioles (hyperemia)->causes redness and heat swelling causes pain moves foreign material into lymphatic vessels
31
phagocyte mobilization
leukocytosis margination diapedesis chemotaxis
32
interferons
family of immune modulating proteins viral infected cells secrete IFNs to warn neighboring cells IFN alpha and beta activate NK cells IFN gamma are secreted by lymphocytes, produce widespread immune mobilizing effects, and activate macrophages
33
complement system
about 20 blood proteins that circulate in inactive form each pathway converges on C3 which cleaves into C3a (amplify inflammation->mast cells and basophils release histamine) and C3b (causes opsonization) kills bacteria via cell lysis when C3b binds to target cells-> insertion of MAC into cell's membrane->MAC forms and stabilizes hole in membrane-> influx of water
34
classical pathway
antibodies bind to invading organisms and to complement components
35
lectin pathway
lectins=produced by innate system to recognize foreign invaders activates complement when bound to foreign invaders
36
alternative pathway
activated spontaneously lack of inhibitors allows process to proceed
37
fever
leukocytes and macrophages exposed to foreign substances secrete pyrogens pyrogens act on body's thermostat in HP, raising body temp. increases metabolic rate (faster repair) liver and spleen sequester iron
38
leukocytosis
release of neutrophils from bone marrow
39
margination
neutrophils cling to walls of capillaries in inflamed area
40
chemotaxis
inflammatory chemicals promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils
41
lysosomes
fuse w/ phagosomes to form phagolysosomes
42
macrophages
most numerous at the site of chronic inflammation in CT and lymphoid organs
43
self-tolerance
unresponsiveness to our own body cells
44
neutralization
ability of antibodies to block specific sites on pathogens so they cannot bind to cell receptors
45
T cell
mediates the body's cellular immune response most specific internal defense against disease
46
helper T cells
promote antibody production by B cells
47
constant region
structure of antibody that determines its class
48
immunogenicity
ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes
49
reactivity
ability to react with activated lymphocytes and antibodies released by immunogenic reactions
50
APCs
do not respond to specific antigens engulfs antigens presents fragments of antigens to T cells for recognition ex: dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells (display antigen fragments bound to MHC class II receptors)
51
immunocompentance
lymphocyte can recognize one specific antigen by binding to it
52
positive selection
selects T cells capable of recognizing self MHC proteins (MHC restriction)-> failure results in apoptosis
53
negative selection
prompts apoptosis of T cells that bind to self antigens displayed by self MHC ensures self-tolerance
54
dendritic cells
present in CT and epidermis
55
steps in lymphocyte development, maturation, and activation
origin maturation seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation antigen encounter and activation proliferation and differentiation
56
MHC class I
found on all nucleated cells including some APCs like dendritic cells present antigens to CD8 and cytotoxic T cells
57
MHC class II
only found on APCs like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells present antigens to CD4 and helper T cells
58
monoclonal antibodies
laboratory produced molecule that is designed to mimic the immune system's ability to fight off pathogens, cancers, autoimmune diseases, etc. fusion of B cell w/ tumor cell produces a hybridoma which creates large quantities of a single antibody
59
lymphocyte education
effective immune response against pathogens while preventing harmful immune rxns against self-antigens
60
alloimmunity
immune response against antigens from individuals of the same species but w/ genetic differences Ex: mismatched blood transfusion or organ transplants
61
TLRs
part of innate immune system 1st line of defense triggers signaling cascade-> immune response, recruitment of other immune cells, activation of adaptive immune system found on macrophages, dendritic cells, certain types of WBCs, epithelial and endothelial cells
62
antibody defensive mechanism
neutralization agglutination precipitation (antigen-antibody complex formation) complement fixation
63
natural active immunity
infection contact w/ pathogen
64
natural passive immunity
antibodies transferred from placenta or breastmilk
65
artificial active immunity
vaccines
66
artificial passive immunity
injection of antibodies (gamma globulins)
67
vaccines
provide antigenic determinants that are immunogenic and reactive via dead or attenuated pathogens which spare the symptoms of a primary response
68
immunodeficiencies
congenital or acquired conditions that impair immune function or production of immune cells or molecules such as complement and antibodies Ex: SCID and HIV
69
SCID
genetic defect marked deficient in B and T cells defective ADA enzyme treated via bone marrow transplants
70
HIV
contracted via blood through needles, sex, or mother->fetus characterized by severe weight loss, night sweats, swollen lymph nodes more susceptible to opportunistic infections (pneumocystic pneumonia and kaposi's sacrcoma)
71
autoimmune disease
immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign leading to the production of antibodies and cytotoxic T cells that destroy body tissues Ex: MS, MG, systemic lupus, Graves disease, RA, glomerulonephritis, erythrematosus, type 1 diabetes
72
MS
destruction of oligodendritic cells which are responsible for the production of myelin sheath
73
type 1 DM
destruction of B cells in the pancreas inhibits insulin production
74
graves disease
production of antibodies to receptor for TSH inhibits T3 and T4 production
75
RA
immune system attacks synovial joints
76
SLE
targets nucleic acids
77
immediate hypersensitivities
type 1 acute due to allergies can be local (regular allergies) or systemic (anaphalactic shock)
78
anaphalactic shock
allergen directly enters blood trigger basophils and mast cells that release histamine throughout body treated via epinephrine more severe can lead to death if not treated
79
subacute hypersensitivities
caused by IgM and IgG antibodies cytotoxic rxns and immune complex
80
cytotoxic rxns
type II stimulate phagocytosis and cell lysis Ex: mismatched blood transfusion
81
immune complex
type III insoluble antigen-antibody complex intense inflammation, local cell lysis, cell killing via neutrophils Ex: SLE, vasculitis, renal damage
82
delayed hypersensitivities
type IV cytokine activated macrophages and cytotoxic T cells that cause damage agents act as haptens-> poison ivy Ex: TB skin test, contact dermatitis, latex allergy, transplant rejection
83
granzymes
trigger apoptosis released by cytotoxic T cells along with perforins when target is recognized
84
types of humoral immunity
natural active natural passive artificial active artificial passive

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