Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

(90 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

primary male sex organs

A

testes (produce sperm and testosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

secondary male sex organs

A

epididymis (sperm storage, nutrient transfer to stored sperm, absorption of testicular fluid)
ductus deferens (vas deferens)-> transports sperm from epididymis to urethra
seminal vesicles (produces alkaline seminal fluid)-> majority of semen
prostate (secretes acidic fluid, sperm activation, transportation and production of sperm)
bulbo-urethral glands (cowper’s glands)-> produces mucous during arousal, lubricates, neutralizes acidic urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

GnRH

A

indirectly stimulates testes via FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

testosterone

A

directly stimulated by FSH and LH
neg feedback on hypothalamus and AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

inhibin

A

inhibits GnRH and FSH release
neg feedback on hypothalamus and AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

spermatogenesis

A

mitosis of spermatogonia forms 2 primary spermatocytes (2n)
meiosis transforms primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes (n)-> 4 round spermatids
round spermatids become spermatozoa via elongation (lose excess cytoplasm and form a tail)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sertoli cells

A

aka sustentacular cells
provide nutrients and signals for sperm transport, phagocytize faulty germ cells and excess cytoplasm
produce chemical mediators to regulate spermatogenesis
target cell of FSH
produce androgen-binding protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

leydig cells

A

primary source of testosterone
aka interstitial cells
are located in spaces b/w adjacent seminiferous tubules of testis
target cell of LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anatomy of sperm

A

acrosome (enable sperm to penetrate egg)
flagella (provides motility)
midpiece (produces ATP to move tail)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

comp. of semen

A

prostaglandins (decrease viscosity)
relaxin (provides sperm motility)
ATP (provides energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

semen

A

alkaline white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

erection

A

NO release triggers smooth muscle relaxation
arterioles dilate and corpora cavernosa expands
erectile tissue fills w/ blood
penis enlarges and stiffens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ejaculation

A

bladder constricts
ducts and accessory glands contract
bulbospongiosus muscles rapidly contract in a series (orgasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pathway of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules-> epididymis->ductus deferens-> ejaculatory duct->urethra-> glans penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

meiosis 1

A

random alignment of homologous pairs (synapsis)-> formation of tetrads
crossover (chiasmata)-> exchange of genetic material b/w male and female chromatids
primary spermatocyte (2n)-> two secondary spermatocytes (n)-> 2 genetically diff. daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

meiosis 2

A

secondary spermatocyte (n)-> 4 spermatids (n)-> 4 genetically diff daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

blood testis barrier

A

prevents activation of immune system of the male against developing sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

type A cells

A

maintain germ cell line at basal lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

type B cells

A

move towards lumen and develop into primary spermatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mitosis of spermatogonia

A

results in one type A and one type B daughter cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

basal compartment of tight junction

A

spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

adluminal compartment of tight junction

A

meiotically active cells and tubule lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dartos muscle

A

wrinkles scrotal skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cremaster muscle

A

elevates testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
primary female sex organs
ovaries= produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone
25
secondary female sex organs
fallopian tubes= transport ova out of ovary uterus= ovum implantation and development into fetus site vagina= birth canal vulva= sexual arousal and protection
26
GnRH
triggers the release of FSH and LH
27
theca cells
in response to LH, produce androgens
28
granulosa cells
in response to FSH, convert androgens to estrogen secrete progesterone after ovulation to maintain corpus luteum (increased estrogen and progesterone levels)
29
LH
increase estrogen levels triggers ovulation
30
FSH
triggers the growth of eggs in the ovaries and preps them for ovulation initiates spermatogenesis in males
31
oogenesis
oogonia (2n) multiply via mitosis and store nutrients during fetal period primary oocytes develop in primordial follicles (prophase 1) during ovulation, 2 haploid cells (secondary oocyte and first polar body) result via meiosis 1 pauses at metaphase 2 and completes meiosis 2 if fertilized (results in ovum and 2 more polar bodies) if not fertilized, deteriorates after puberty, primordial follicles mature into primary follicles, which mature into secondary follicles, and then mature into graafian follicles before ovulation every month until menopause
32
follicular phase
increase FSH levels primary follicle->secondary follicle->graafian follicle increase estrogen levels increase LH levels decrease progesterone levels
33
luteal phase
ruptured follicle turns into corpus luteum increase progesterone levels increase estrogen levels if fertilized, corpus luteum is maintained and progesterone production continues if not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates (decrease progesterone levels, decrease estrogen levels, breakdown of endometrium= menstruation)
33
ovulation
decreased LH levels decreased FSH levels follicle ruptures=egg released increased progesterone levels decreased estrogen levels
34
uterine cycle
menstrual phase= hormones levels decrease, bleeding (days 1-5) proliferative phase= levels of estrogen increase, ovulation, egg-white like cervical mucous (days 6-14) secretory phase= levels of progesterone increase, cervical mucous thickens, corpus luteum-> corpus albicans (days 15-28)
35
menopause
cessation of menses decreased levels of estrogen hot flashes osteoporosis atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts irritability and sometimes depression decreased levels of HDL treated with small doses of estrogen/progesterone
36
structures associated w/ testes
tunica albuginea tunica vaginalis pampiniform venous plexous
37
where do sperm acquire their motility
epididymis
38
follicle cells are part of
primordial follciles
39
the uterus is anchored to the anterior body wall by the
round ligament
40
cryptorchidism
testes fail to descend
41
clitoris
counterpart of penis
42
labia majora
counterpart of male scrotum
43
follicular cells
granulosa cells
44
the cells that result from the equatorial division of spermatogenesis are called
spermatids
45
spermiation
the release of a sperm cell from its connection to a sertoli cell
46
zona pellucida
the glycoprotein layer b/w the oocyte and granulosa cell of an ovarian follicle
47
corona radiata
thick outer layer of ovarian follicle
48
theca interna
secretory cells of an ovarian follicle
49
theca externa
cells of an ovarian follicle that produce collagen
50
the perineum is bounded by
pubic symphysis ischial tuberosities coccyx
51
seminal fluid comp.
fructose citric acid coagulating enzyme prostaglandins
52
prostate gland fluid comp.
citrate enzymes prostate specific antigen
53
seminal glands
posterior and inferior to bladder
54
estrogen
builds up endometrium stimulates oxytocin receptors on the uterus initiation of Braxton Hicks
55
fertilization
1. sperm are capacitated 2. sperm follow olfactory trail 3. sperm goes through corona radiata then binds to zona pellucida (acrosomal rxn) 4. enzymes released digest holes in zona pellucida 5. 100s of acrosomes release enzymes to digest zona pellucida 6. after fusion of plasma membrane of sperm and oocyte, Ca2+ is released triggering cortical rxn (cortical granules release ZIPs to destroy sperm receptors)-> prevents polyspermy 7. Ca2+ surge also triggers completion of meiosis II and results in ovum + 2 more polar bodies 8. sperm and ovum nucleus form male and female pronucleus
56
cleavage
mitotic divisions of zygote at day 4 or 5, zygote becomes blastocyte (embryo)-> implants 6-7 days after ovulation-> converts to gastrula
57
blastocyte
composed of trophoblast and inner mass cells
58
hCG
triggers corpus luteum to continue to secrete progesterone and estrogen levels decline after placenta secretes progesterone and estrogen instead highest during 9th week of pregnancy
59
placentation
formation of placenta from embryonic and maternal tissues
60
inner cells mass
give rise to extraembryonic mesoderm that lines the surface of trophoblast
61
trophoblast
give rise to chorion and chronic villi (fetal portion of placenta) release enzymes that digest endometrium
62
decidua baslis
maternal portion of placenta stratum fucntionalis b/w chronic villi and stratum basale of endometrium
63
gastrulation
occurs wk 3 embryonic disc composed of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm appearance of primitive streak (establishes longitudinal axis of embryos) conversion of embryo to gastrula
64
ectoderm
forms fetal NS and epidermis
65
endoderm
forms fetal epithelial linings and glands
66
mesoderm
forms fetal bones and muscles
67
parturition
1. cortisol triggers placenta to release more estrogen 2. production of oxytocin receptors by myometrium 3. formation of gap junctions b/w uterine and smooth muscle cells 4. antagonism of progesterone-> Braxton Hicks 5. oxytocin triggers placenta to release prostaglandins-> more frequent and vigorous contractions 6. oxytocin release from posterior pituitary triggers positive feedback on increasing size of cervix 7. cervix effaces and dilates to 10 cm (dilation stage) 8. amnion ruptures (dilation stage) 9. engagement-> head enters true pelvis (dilation stage) 10. crowning (expulsion stage) 11. afterbirth-> delivery of placenta (placental stage)
68
lactation
production of milk by mammary glands occurs towards end of pregnancy placenta releases estrogen, progesterone, human placental lactogen->PRH via hypothalamus AP releases prolactin prolactin release decreases after birth lactation triggered by suckling
69
colostrum
initial breast milk that is more nutrient rich, yellow in color, and rich in IgA antibodies
70
let-down reflex
release of milk from nipple
71
ductus venosus
bypasses liver umbilical vein->ductus venosus->IVC
72
foramen ovale
opening in interatrial septum bypass pulmonary circulation
73
ductus arteriosus
bypasses pulmonary circulation pulmonary trunk-> ductus arteriosus->aorta
74
side effects of pregnancy
chadwick's sign (vagina develops purplish hue) breasts enlarge and areola darken melasma lordosis weight gain possibility of gestational diabetes increased levels of PTH and vit. D ribs flare and thorax widens morning sickness heartburn and constipation increased urine production incontinence nasal edema and congestion increased BV and CO (40%) varicose veins increased tidal volume glucose sparing
75
hPL
aka human placental lactogen maturation of breasts fetal growth glucose sparing in mother (reserving glucose for fetus)
76
syncytiotrophoblasts
fetal cells that digest uterine cells produce enzymes that allow implantation to occur
77
inner cell mass
develops into embryonic disc
78
umbilical vein
remnant of ligamentum teres
79
umbilical arteries
median umbilical ligaments
80
epiblast cells
form amnion, mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm
81
hypoblast cells
form yolk sac and atlantois
82
yolk sac
forms part of digestive tube source of earliest blood cells and blood vessels
83
atlantois
structural base for umbilical cord becomes part of urinary bladder
84
morula
solid ball of cells formed around 4th day after fertilization
85
implantation
usually occurs in the posterior wall of the body or fundus of the uterus
86
embryonic period
first 2 months following fertilization
87
weeks 3-8 of pregnancy
major development of organ systems
88
weeks 8-20 of pregnancy
bone formation

A&P (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions