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A&P > muscular system > Flashcards

muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

cell body of neuron

A

rough ER
synthesizes neurotransmitters

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2
Q

tracts

A

neural processes in the CNS

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3
Q

nerves

A

neural processes in the PNS

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4
Q

dendrites

A

receives input
increases SA

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5
Q

axon terminal

A

receives neurotransmitters
lacks ER and golgi
aka axolema

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6
Q

antrograde

A

away from cell body

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7
Q

retrograde

A

towards cell body

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8
Q

myelin sheaths

A

provide insulation
increases conduction speed
axons have long or large diameter (less resistance)
conduction is 150 m/s
formed by schwann cells in PNS and oligodendricytes CNS

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9
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

action potential jumps from node-node
aka saltatory conduction

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10
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axon

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11
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated axon

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12
Q

multipolar neurons

A

3 or more processes

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13
Q

bipolar neurons

A

2 processes
special senses (5-includes proprioception)

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14
Q

unipolar neurons

A

1 short process

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15
Q

afferent

A

sensory
towards CNS
unipolar
in PNS

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16
Q

efferent

A

motor
multipolar
towards PNS
in CNS

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17
Q

interneurons

A

most in the CNS
both motor and sensory
99% of the body’s neurons

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18
Q

voltage

A

measure of potential energy generated by separated charge (v or mv)

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19
Q

current

A

flow of electrical charge (ions) b/w 2 points (amps)
equals voltage

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20
Q

resistance

A

hindrance to charge flow
inversely proportional to current and voltage (membrane provides resistance)

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21
Q

insulator

A

high electrical resistance

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22
Q

conductor

A

low electrical resistance

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23
Q

chemically gated ion channels

A

chemical binds to ion channel, opening it

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24
Q

voltage gated channels

A

open in response to change in membrane potential
located at myelin sheath gaps (nodes of ranvier)

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25
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

open in response to physical stimuli

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26
Q

RMP

A

-70 mv
polarized
inside of membrane more negative than positive
active transport (ATP)

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27
Q

leak channels

A

more permeable to K+

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28
Q

ECF

A

higher Na+ conc. (flows in)

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29
Q

ICF

A

higher K+ conc. (flows out)

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30
Q

depolarization

A

Na+ goes in
reduction in membrane potential

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31
Q

repolarization

A

K+ goes out
increases in membrane potential

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32
Q

graded potentials

A

incoming signals operating over short distances
depolarization or hyperpolarization
chemical and mechanical channels (decay)
occurs in cell body

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33
Q

action potential

A

long-distance signals of axons
voltage channels (do not decay)
occur only in muscle cells and axons of neurons
propagated in one direction due to inactive Na+ channels
generated only at nodes of ranvier

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34
Q

all-or-none response

A

the presence or no presence of an action potential

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35
Q

threshold

A

positive feedback system

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36
Q

stimulus intensity

A

strong stimuli cause action potential to occur more frequently

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37
Q

absolute refractory period

A

when voltage-gated Na+ channels open neuron cannot respond to another stimulus

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38
Q

relative refractory period

A

threshold for action potential generation is elevated

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39
Q

conduction velocity

A

depends on axon diameter and degree of myelination

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40
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

myelin sheaths in CNS destroyed (missing Na+ channels)
demyelinated axons increase Na+ channels (causes cycles of relapse and remission)
autoimmune
symptoms= visual disturbances, weakness, loss of muscular control, sleep disturbances, urinary incontinence

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41
Q

synapes

A

junctions that mediate info transfer (neuron->neuron/neuron->effector cell)

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42
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron conduction impulses towards synapse

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43
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neurons transmitting electrical signal away from synapse
neurotransmitter receptor region

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44
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

filled w/ neurotransmitter

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45
Q

synaptic cleft

A

fluid-filled space

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46
Q

prozac

A

enhances stimulation of neuron
SSRI

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47
Q

sarin gas

A

blocks AchE (inhibition of skeleton muscle contraction)
enhances skeletal muscle contraction
respiratory arrest (tetni of diaphragm)

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48
Q

chloride channels

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential
farther from threshold
hyperpolarization (action potential does not occur)
Cl- move into cell, K+ moves out (becomes more neg.)

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49
Q

EPSP

A

closer to threshold
triggers action potential
promotes depolarization (more positive)
ex: glutamate

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50
Q

summation

A

EPSP and IPSP summate
only if EPSP predominates and brings to threshold, action potential occurs
neurons receive both excitatory and inhibitory inputs

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51
Q

temporal summation

A

one presynaptic neuron transmits impulses in rapid-fire order
action potentials add up

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52
Q

spatial summation

A

postsynaptic neuron stimulated simultaneously by large number of terminals at the same time

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53
Q

lidocaine

A

treats pain
local analgesic
activates graded potentials
blocks Na+ channels (no depolarization)

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54
Q

alcohol and barbituates

A

open Cl- channels (hyperpolarize)

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55
Q

threshold stimulus

A

produces graded potentials that lead up to an action potential

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56
Q

sub-threshold stimulus

A

stimulus is too small in magnitude to produce an action potential, but will depolarize

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57
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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58
Q

PNS

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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59
Q

somatic

A

voluntary
part of PNS

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60
Q

autonomic

A

involuntary
part of PNS

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61
Q

sympathetic

A

fight/flight response
autonomic

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62
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest/digest response
autonomic

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63
Q

IPSP

A

prevents depolarization (more negative)
hyperpolarization
ex: GABA

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64
Q

astrocytes

A

in CNS
most abundant
support and brace neuron
exchange b/w capillaries and neurons
guide migration of young neurons
control chemical environment around neurons respond to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
information processing in brain

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65
Q

microglial cells

A

in CNS
defensive cells
touch and monitor neurons
migrate towards injured neuron
phagocytize microorganism and neuronal debris

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66
Q

ependymal cells

A

in CNS
forms barrier b/w CSF in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells
line central cavities of the brain and spinal column
cilia beat to circulate CSF

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67
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

in CNS
forms insulation myelin sheaths

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68
Q

satellite cells

A

in PNS
function similar to astrocytes

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69
Q

schwann cells

A

in PNS
aka neurolemmocytes
form myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers
function similar to oligodendrocytes

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70
Q

nuclei

A

cell bodies in the CNS

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71
Q

ganglia

A

cell bodies in the PNS

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72
Q

chromatophilic substance

A

aka nissi bodies
found in cell bodies

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73
Q

terminal boutons

A

aka axon terminals
found in axons

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74
Q

the outer collar of the perinuclear cytoplasm is found on the

A

axons of the PNS

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75
Q

fascicles

A

bundle of muscle cells

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76
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle cells

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77
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell

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78
Q

glycosomes

A

glycogen storage

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79
Q

myoglobin

A

O2 storage

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80
Q

myofibrils

A

contain sarcomeres

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81
Q

A band

A

dark band
length stays the same during muscle shortening

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82
Q

I band

A

light band

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83
Q

myosin

A

thick filament
forms crossbridges
produces power stroke (lose ADP+Pi)

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84
Q

actin

A

thin filament
pulled towards M line

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85
Q

sarcomere

A

smallest contractable unit of muscle fiber
composed of actin and myosin

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86
Q

SR

A

network of smooth ER surrounding each myofibril
stores and releases Ca2+

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87
Q

T-tubules

A

propagate AP that stimulate Ca2+ release from the SR
an extension of the sarcolemma

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88
Q

triad

A

T-tubules+SR

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89
Q

muscle contraction

A

initiated by Ach to membrane receptors on the sarcolemma

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90
Q

ECC

A

events that transmit AP along sarcolemma
lead to sliding of myofilaments
increases intracellular Ca2+

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91
Q

decreased Ca2+

A

tropomyosin blocks active sites on actin
myosin heads cannot bind to actin
muscle fiber is relaxed

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92
Q

increased Ca2+

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin
movers tropomyosin from myosin-binding sites
myosin head binds to actin
Ca2+ pumped back into SR at the end of contraction

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93
Q

rigor mortis

A

dying cells take in Ca2+->crossbridge formation, but no ATP is generated to break them

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94
Q

epimysium

A

dense irregular CT
surrounds entire muscle
separates muscles from organs

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95
Q

perimysium

A

CT surrounding fascicles

96
Q

endomysium

A

areolar CT
surrounds individual fiber

97
Q

size principle

A

load stimulates smaller muscle fiber activation first

98
Q

motor unit

A

motor neuron and all muscle fibers it supplies
smaller=fine control

99
Q

recruitment

A

controls force of contraction
multiple motor unit summation
works via the size principle
all-or-none

100
Q

subthreshold stimuli

A

no observable contractions

101
Q

threshold stimuli

A

stimulus strength causing 1st observable muscle contraction

102
Q

maximal stimulus

A

strongest stimulus that increases contractile force

103
Q

oxidative fibers

A

use aerobic pathways

104
Q

glycolytic fibers

A

use anaerobic glycolysis

105
Q

aerobic exercise

A

convert fast glycolytic fibers into fast oxidative fibers

106
Q

hypertrophy

A

due to resistant exercise (anaerobic)

107
Q

atrophy

A

result of immobilization
fibrous CT replaces lost muscle tissue
rehabilitation impossible

108
Q

smooth muscle

A

most Ca2+ influx from outside cell
no sarcomeres, myofibrils, or T-tubules
contains dense bodies (like Z discs)
no troponin complex (calmodulin binds to Ca2+)

109
Q

peristalsis

A

due to longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle and gap junctions

110
Q

varicosities

A

bulbous swellings of nerve fibers
store and release neurotransmitters into diffuse junctions

111
Q

hyperplasia

A

smooth muscle cells can divide and increase in numbers
Ex: estrogen’s affect on the uterus during pregnancy

112
Q

stress-relaxation response

A

respond to stretch
retains ability to contract on demand
allows for temporary storage of contents
Ex: bladder

113
Q

unitary smooth muscle

A

aka visceral smooth muscle
found in hollow organs
innervated by varicosities
exhibit AP’s often
coupled by gap junctions

114
Q

multiunit smooth muscle

A

found in airways, arteries, arrector pilli, and iris of eye
AP’s are rare
contain little to none gap junctions
independent
responds to hormones
has motor units

115
Q

DMD

A

x-linked disorder caused by the deletion of a segment of DNA coding for the AA dystrophin (cytoplasmic protein stabilizing sarcolemma)-> fragile sarcolemma tears
interstitial CT and fat replace muscle fibers
death caused by respiratory failure
cam result in hypertrophy of calf muscles
tested via checking creatine levels or EMG
can potentially be treated by gene therapy

116
Q

functions of muscle

A

movement
posture
stability
heat generation

117
Q

characteristics of muscles

A

extensibility
elasticity
excitability
contractility

118
Q

AchE

A

enzyme that breaks down Ach

119
Q

satellite cells

A

regenerate muscle cells

120
Q

striations

A

formed by line up of sarcomeres of myofibrils
help muscle generate force and contract

121
Q

sliding filament theory

A

actin pulled by myosin towards center (z-line closer together)
sarcomere shortens, but not myofilaments

122
Q

direct phosphorylation

A

anaerobic
1 ATP per CP= creatine
short duration
uses creatine phosphate stored in muscles to reattach a phosphate group to ADP left behind after ATP used for energy

123
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

glycolysis
glucose->2 pyruvic acid
pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid
occurs in cytoplasm
produces 2 ATP
short duration

124
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

requires O2
occurs in the mitochondria
breaks glucose into CO2, H2O, and large amounts of ATP (~32)
long duration
consists the krebs cycle and ETC

125
Q

latent period

A

events of the ECC
no muscle tension

126
Q

contraction period

A

cross bridge formation
increased tension

127
Q

relaxation period

A

Ca2+ re-entry into SR
tension declines to 0

128
Q

wave summation

A

occurs if another stimulus is applied before the muscle relaxes completely
results in unfused tetnus (partial relaxation)

129
Q

fused tetnus

A

occurs if stimulus are given quickly enough
muscle reached maximal tension
no muscle relaxation-> prone to muscle fatigue

130
Q

treppe

A

incomplete removal of Ca2+ from SR
muscle tension increases in a graded manner
contractions become more efficient
found in cardiac muscle
long refractory period

131
Q

slow twitch red muscle

A

aka slow oxidative fibers
aerobic
high myoglobin content
low glycogen stores
1st to be activated
slow speed and myosin ATPase activity
fatigue resistant
Ex: running a marathon
small fiber diameter
many mitochondria
many capillaries

132
Q

fast twitch red muscle

A

aka fast oxidative fibers
fast speed and myosin ATPase activity
aerobic (some anaerobic glycolysis)
high myoglobin content
intermediate glycogen storage
2nd to be activated
moderately fatigue resistant
Ex: sprinting
intermediate fiber diameter
many mitochondria

133
Q

fast twitch white muscle

A

aka glycolytic fibers
fast speed and myosin ATPase activity
anaerobic
low myoglobin content
high glycogen storage
3rd to be activated
fatigable
Ex: hitting a baseball
large fiber diameter
few mitochondria
few capillaries

134
Q

isometric contraction

A

muscle neither shortens or lengthens
cross bridge generates force, but do not move actin filaments
Ex: holding a stack of books

135
Q

isotonic contraction

A

muscle changes length and moves in load
eccentric or concentric

136
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens
Ex: extending dumbell at triceps

137
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle shortens
Ex: flexing dumbell at biceps

138
Q

steps in smooth muscle contraction

A
  1. Ca2+ enters cytosol from ECF via voltage gated channels of SR
  2. Ca2+ binds to calmodulin, activating it
  3. activated calmodulins activates myosin light chain kinase
  4. the enzymes then catalyzes the transfer of phosphate to myosin, activating the myosin ATPases
  5. activated myosin form crossbridges w/ actin->muscle shortens/contracts
139
Q

twitch

A

a single contraction in response to a single threshold stimulus

140
Q

muscle tension

A

the force exerted by a contracting muscle

141
Q

factors that affect muscle contraction

A

relative size of muscle fibers
number of muscle fibers stimulated
degree of muscle stretch
frequency of stimulation

142
Q

aerobic endurance

A

the length of time a muscle can continue to contract using aerobic pathways

143
Q

longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

A

results in dilation and shortening

144
Q

circular layer of smooth muscle

A

results in constriction and elongation

145
Q

terminal cisternae

A

part of SR
release Ca2+ into the sarcoplasm

146
Q

end plate potential

A

voltages which cause depolarization of skeletal muscle fibers

147
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

ADP+Pi

148
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

formation of ATP

149
Q

agonist

A

aka prime mover
major responsibility for producing specific movement

150
Q

antagonist

A

opposes or reverses particular movement

151
Q

synergist

A

adds extra force to the same movement
reduces undesirable or unnecessary movements

152
Q

fixator

A

synergist that immobilizes bone or muscle

153
Q

origin

A

gives prime mover stable base on which to act
ex: maintain upright position

154
Q

rectus

A

parallel

155
Q

tranversus

A

fibers run at right angles

156
Q

oblique

A

fibers run at angles to imaginary defined axis

157
Q

epicranius

A

consists of frontal (raises eyebrows) and occipital (pulls scalp backwards) belly
aka occipitofrontalis

158
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

closes eye

159
Q

orbicularis oris

A

purses and protudes lips
aids in speech formation

160
Q

zygomaticus

A

pulls lips upwards
aka smiling muscle

161
Q

masster and temporalis

A

closes mouth
elevates mandible

162
Q

buccinator

A

helps w/ chewing
sucking motions

163
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

allows grinding and sliding of mandible

164
Q

medial pterygoid

A

synergist to masseter and temporalis
closes jaw

165
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

major head flexor
allows for flexing, tilting, and rotating of head

166
Q

platysma

A

depresses jaw

167
Q

splenius capitis

A

extends and rotates head

168
Q

semipiralis and longissimus capitis

A

extends and rotates head

169
Q

erector spinae

A

holds spine upright

170
Q

pectoralis minor

A

stabilizes and depresses shoulders

171
Q

serratus anterior

A

punching motion

172
Q

trapezius

A

extends head
shrugs shoulders

173
Q

levator scapule

A

elevates scapula

174
Q

rhomboid major and minor

A

adduction of scapula

175
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

extension of arm at shoulder

176
Q

teres major

A

synergist w/ lats
extension of arm at shoulder

177
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor
originates on scapula

178
Q

biceps brachii

A

flexion of arm at elbow

179
Q

brachialis

A

flexion of arm at elbow

180
Q

corcabrachialis

A

flexion of arm at elbow
adduction of shoulder

181
Q

pectoralis major

A

flexion of arm at shoulder (90 degrees)
adduction of arm at shoulder
medial rotation of arm at shoulder

182
Q

deltoid

A

flexion of arm at shoulder
extension of arm at shoulder
abduction of arm at shoulder
adduction of arm at shoulder
medial and lateral rotation of arm at shoulder

183
Q

triceps brachii

A

adduction of arm at shoulder
extension of arm at elbow

184
Q

teres minor

A

adduction of arm at shoulder
lateral rotation of arm at shoulder

185
Q

anconeus

A

extension of arm at elbow

186
Q

pronator teres

A

pronation of arm at elbow

187
Q

supinator

A

supination of arm at elbow

188
Q

pronator quadratus

A

main pronation muscle of arm at elbow

189
Q

flexor pollicis

A

flexes thumb

190
Q

flexors

A

anterior

191
Q

extensors

A

posterior

192
Q

anterior leg muscles

A

flex femur at hip
extend leg

193
Q

posterior leg muscles

A

extend thigh
flex leg

194
Q

medial leg muscles

A

adduct thigh

195
Q

iliopoas

A

prime mover of flexion at hip

196
Q

tensor fascia latae

A

flexion at hip
medial rotation of thigh

197
Q

sartorius

A

flexion at hip
weakly abducts thigh
rotates thigh laterally
longest muscle in the body
“tailor’s muscle”

198
Q

hamstrings

A

prime movers of extension of thigh at knee
antagonists to quads

199
Q

gluteus maximus

A

thigh extension
abducts and medially rotates thigh

200
Q

thigh extensors

A

biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranous, gluteus maximus

201
Q

adductors of thigh

A

adductor magnus, adductor longus, gracilis

202
Q

abductors of thigh

A

gluteus medius and minimus (medially rotate thigh)

203
Q

rectus femoris

A

sole extensor of knee
flexes thigh at hip

204
Q

muscles of thigh that move the knee joint

A

rectus femoris, vatus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius (extend leg at knee)

205
Q

tibialis anterior

A

dorsiflexes foot

206
Q

fibularis longus

A

plantar flexion
eversion of foot

207
Q

triceps surae

A

gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior (plantar flexes ankle)

208
Q

muscles of the abdominal wall

A

rectus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominis

209
Q

semitendinosus

A

extend at hip
flex at knee

210
Q

semimembranosus

A

flexes and medially rotates leg at knee

211
Q

gluteus medius

A

abduction at hip

212
Q

internal oblique

A

flexes and bends the trunk
aids in forced expiration

213
Q

external oblique

A

twisting trunk left and right
bending trunk side to side
contracts abdomen
“love-handles”

214
Q

rectus abdominis

A

flexes the trunk
compresses abdominal viscera

215
Q

transverse abdominis

A

protects internal organs

216
Q

biceps femoris

A

extension of thigh at hips
flexion at knee

217
Q

adductor magnus

A

adducts thigh at hips

218
Q

adductor longus

A

adducts thigh at hips

219
Q

Ach

A

muscarinic (visceral receptors in the CNS)-> excitatory or inhibitory
CNS or PNS-> neuromuscular junction
nicotinic (skeletal muscles, autonomic ganglia, and in the CNS)-> excitatory

220
Q

NE

A

excitatory or inhibitory
CNS or PNS-> main neurotransmitter of postganglionic neurons in the SNS
“feel good” neurotransmitter
catecholamine

221
Q

dopamine

A

excitatory or inhibitory
CNS or PNS-> sympathetic ganglia
“feel good” neurotransmitter
deficient in Parkinson’s DE
catecholamine

222
Q

serotonin

A

inhibitory
CNS
role in sleep, appetite, nausea, migraines, and mood
catecholamine

223
Q

histamine

A

excitatory or inhibitory
CNS
role in wakefulness, appetite, control, learning and memory, inflammation and vasodilation, acid secretion
catecholamine

224
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory
CNS
principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
AA

225
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory
CNS
“stroke neurotransmitter”
important in learning and memory
AA

226
Q

glycine

A

inhibitory
CNS
principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord
AA

227
Q

diverging circuit

A

1 input, many outputs
amplifying circuit

228
Q

converging circuit

A

many inputs, 1 output
concentrating circuit
Ex: diff stimuli, triggering 1 memory

229
Q

ionotrophic receptors

A

ligand-gated ion channels
action is immediate and brief
excitatory receptors are channels for cations (Na+ influx= depolarization)
inhibitory receptors allow Cl- influx (hyperpolarization)
channel-linked
Ex: Ach and AA’s

230
Q

metabotrophic receptors

A

indirect, complex, slow, prolonged
transmembrane protein complex
Ex: catecholamines
G-protein linked

231
Q

facilitation

A

results in a stronger signal in the postsynaptic cell due to the increase in neurotransmitters that are released

232
Q

muscle atrophy is the result of loss of

A

actin
myosin
mitochondria
SR

233
Q

extensibility

A

the ability of a muscle to be stretched without being damaged

234
Q

excitability

A

ability to respond to stimuli

235
Q

contractibility

A

ability to contract

236
Q

elasticity

A

ability to return to normal shape

237
Q

multipolar neurons

A

motor and interneurons

A&P (16 decks)

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