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Histology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Where os the extracellular fluid in the body found

A

In plasma and insterstital fluid

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2
Q

Where is blood found

A

Capillaries
Peripheral arteries
Heart and lungs
Peripheral veins

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3
Q

What is blood made up of

A

Formed elements and plasma

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4
Q

What is plasma composed of

A

Water, proteins, nutrients and salts

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5
Q

How can blood be separated

A

By being spun in a centrifuge

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6
Q

What is serum

A

The fluid left after clotting factors have been removed from the blood

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7
Q

What are the proteins found in the blood

A

Serum albumin, clotting factors and complement components

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8
Q

Where are the proteins found in blood made

A

The liver

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9
Q

Role of albumin

A

Maintaining osmotic pressure

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10
Q

What are erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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11
Q

Why are mature RBCs not true cell

A

They contain no organelles or nucleus

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12
Q

What is 1/3rd of the volume of RBCs taken up by

A

Haemoglobin

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13
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

An iron-containing protein

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14
Q

What allows RBCs to deform

A

They contain a network of flexible cytoskeletal elements

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15
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin

A

To pick up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to the tissues of the body

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16
Q

Haemoglobin + oxygen =

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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17
Q

How is CO2 transported

A

Dissolved in the plasma and some bound to haemoglobin

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18
Q

How are aged RBCs removed

A

By the liver and spleen

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19
Q

What is a stack of RBCs called and what can it indicate

A

Rouleau and can indicate disease

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20
Q

What are the different types of white blood cells

A 
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Monocytes
Basophils
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21
Q

What are neutophils

A

Granulocytes

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22
Q

What does the cytoplasm of neutrophils contain

A

Granules

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23
Q

What is the other name for neutrophils and why

A

Polymonphonuclear leukyoctes and due to their prominent, multi-lobed nucleus

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24
Q

Function of neutophils

A

Stimulated by bacteria or inflammation to become highly motile phagocytes that ingest bacteria or damaged cells

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25
What is within the granules of neutrophils
Numerous enzymes and microbial agents
26
Where are Es released from
The bone marrow
27
What is the path of Es
They circulate in the blood and then move into a tissue where they will live
28
What are the most common organs for Es to live in
Spleen, lymph node and GI tract
29
Nucleus of Es
Bilobed
30
What do Es contains
Variety of hydrolytic enzymes and have a variety of surface receptors
31
Function of Es
Inducting and maintaining inflammation | Important in fighting parasitic infection
32
Nucleus of B
Bilobed but often obscured by granules
33
What do granules in Bs contain
Histomine, heparin and inflammatory mediators
34
Function of Bs
Effector cells in allergic reactions
35
What cells are Bs similar to
Mast cells
36
What do the granules of mast cells contain
Heparin and histamie
37
What cell receptors do Bs and mast cells have
IgE receptors
38
What do both Bs and mast cells participate in
Immediate hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions
39
Where are Ms found
In the bone marrow and blood
40
What are Ms
The precursors to tissue macrophages
41
What do Ms and macrophages form
The mononuclear phagocyte system
42
Where are macrophages mostly found
In loose connective tisse
43
Nucleus of macrophages
Non-lobulated nucleus
44
What are some resident macrophages
Kupffer cells - liver | Microglia - brain
45
Nucleus of Ls
Round
46
What are the two classes of L
B cells and T cells
47
Where do B and T cells arise
In the bone marrow
48
Where do B and T cells mature
B - bone marrow | T - thymus
49
What do B and T cells participate in
Specific immune response
50
What do B cells give rise to
Antibody secreting plasma cells
51
What do T cells form
A complex set of cells that perform many defence functions
52
What are platelets
Small cell fragments
53
Roles of platelets
Haemostasis, extrusion of granules and clot retraction
54
Characteristics of platelets
Well developed cytoskeleton, mitochondria, occasional golgi and ribosomes, but no nuclues
55
What do the granules within platelets include
Coagulation factors
56
What do platelets induce the production of
Fibrin
57
Sites of blood formation
Embryonic - liver and spleen After birth - bone marrow Mature skeleton - vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis and proximal femur
58
What happens to the marrow in bones not producing blood cells
It becomes mostly adipose tissue
59
What are totipotent stem cells
Can form all of the cell types of the adult plus and extra embryonic tissues
60
What are pluripotent stem cells
Can give rise to all functional cell types
61
What are multipotent stem cells
Give rise to restricted set of cell types
62
What are committed progenerator cells
Can give rise to only one cell type
63
What can all stem cells produce
Themselves
64
Erythrocyte formation
Develop in the bone marrow from a stem cell Mature through a series of steps that include the production of haemoglobin and extrusion of the nucleus Cell is now a reticulocyte due to the RNA granules Circulate in the blood stream for 1-2 days then RNA is lost Mature RBC is now formed
65
What are megakaryocytes
Giant cells found within the bone marrow
66
What do megakaryocytes produce
Platelets
67
What controls the production of blood cells
Hormones and growth factors
68
What are some systemic actors controlling the production of blood cells
Interleukins and erythropoietin
69
What produces interleukins
Leukocytes as well as other cells
70
What produces erythropoietin
Kidney
71
What are the stages of blood cell production
Proliferation, differentiation and maturation
72
What is the blood-brain barrier induced by
Astrocytes

Histology (22 decks)

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