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Urinary System Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Non-hormonal function of the urinary tract

A

Production, storage and voiding of urine

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2
Q

Function of the kidneys and urinary tract

A

Maintaining water and electrolyte balance, body fluid osmolarity, acid-base balance, excrete toxic metabolic waste products and produce renin and erythropoetion

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3
Q

Where is the kidney

A

In the retroperitoneal area

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4
Q

What covers the kidney

A

Thin but strong capsule

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5
Q

What is the capsule composed of

A

Dense collagen fibres

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6
Q

What enters/exits at the hilum of the kidney

A

Renal artery - enters

Renal vein and ureter - exit

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7
Q

Structures of the kidney

A

Renal pelvis, major calyces and minor calyces

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8
Q

Two main areas of the kidney

A

Medulla and cortex

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9
Q

What is the medulla divided into

A

Medullary pyramids

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10
Q

Where do the apices of the medullary pyramids point to

A

The hilum of the kidney

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11
Q

What are the apices of the medullary pyramids called

A

Papillae

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12
Q

What is each medullary pyramid and associated tissue known as

A

A lobe of the kidney

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13
Q

What is the capsule of the kidney continuos with

A

The connective tissue that lines the renal sinuses

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14
Q

What are medullary rays

A

Collections of collecting ducts and the straight segments of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

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15
Q

Where are the medullary rays found

A

In the cortex

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16
Q

What provides the vascular supply to the kidney

A

Anterior and posterior branches of the renal artery, interlobar, interlobular and arcuate arteries and afferent arterioles

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17
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the kidneys

A

The nephron

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18
Q

What is the nephron composed of

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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19
Q

What is the principle role of the renal corpsucle

A

Production and collection of glomerular filtrate

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20
Q

What is the renal corpuscle formed of

A

A tuft of capillaries and a cup of simple squamous epithelium

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21
Q

What is the tuft of capillaries known as

A

The glomerulus

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22
Q

What is the cup of simple squamous epithelium known as

A

The bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

What is the glomerulus supplied by

A

An afferent arteriole

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24
Q

What is the glomerulus drained by

A

An efferent arteriole

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25
What are the two cell layers that separate the blood from the glomerular filtrate
Capillary endothelium and podocytes
26
What are podocytes
Epithelial cells that are part of the specialised epithelium that lies on top of the glomerular filtrate
27
What type of epithelium do the podocytes make
Fenestrated epithelium with pores
28
What do the interdigitating cell process of the podocytes make
Filtration slits
29
What is between the podocytes and enodthelium of capillaries
A thicker than usual basal lamina made up of GAGs
30
What do scattered mesangial cells produce
Connective tissue core called a mesangium
31
Function of mesangium
Support and removal of debris
32
What is the glomerular filtrate
An ultrafiltrate of plasma
33
What are the three components of the glomerular filtrate
Fenestrated endothelium of the capillaries, thick basement membrane and filtration slits between podocytes
34
What is the principle role of the proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorption of water, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates and glucose
35
The proximal convoluted tubule leads to
The proximal straight tubule
36
How to sodium reabsorbed
Active transport
37
How is water reabsorbed
Diffusion
38
How is glucose and carbohydrates reabsorbed
Cotransport
39
Proximal vs distal convoluted tubules
P are larger and have a well defined margin due to the presence of a brush border
40
Principle role of loop of Henle
Creation of hypertonic environment in the medulla
41
What are the loops of blood vessels in the medulla called
The vasa recta
42
What are the structures found in the outer medulla
Collecting ducts, blood vessels of the vasa recta, thin limb of the loop of Henle and the proximal and distal straight tubules
43
Principle role of distal convoluted tubule
Controlling acid-base and water balance
44
Border of distal convoluted tubules
Sparse microvilli
45
What controls reabsorption of Na+ in the distal convoluted tubule
Aldosterone
46
What secretes aldosterone
The adrenal cortex
47
What controls aldosterone secretion
The renin-angiotensin system
48
Are the collecting ducts part of the nephron
No
49
What do the collecting ducts and tubules do
Participate in controlled reabsorption of water under the control of ADH
50
What increases the collecting ducts permeability to water
Vasopressin
51
What secretes vasopressin
Posterior pituitary
52
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus
A specialised site where the distal convoluted tubule passes adjacent to the vascular pole of the same renal corspuscle
53
What are the three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells and extraglomerular mesangial cells/lacis cells
54
Cells of the distal convoluted tubule
Tall, crowed together and the nuclei stain intensly
55
Function of macula densa
Sensing sodium content
56
What are the juxtaglomerular cells
Modified smooth muscle cells
57
What do the juxtaglomerular cells contain
Renin
58
What are the lacis cells
Modified mesangial cells extending outside the renal corpuscle
59
Function of lacis cells
Signalling that alters glomerular filtration
60
Urine produced in the renal papillae is collected in
The minor calyx
61
What lines the urinary tract
Specialised epithelium = transitional epithelium/urothelium
62
Characteristics of urothelium
Stratified and in 3-6 cell layers
63
Characteristics of cells facing the lumen in urothelium
Specialised, thickened and inflexible membrane
64
What lines the lumen of the ureter
Transitional epithelium
65
Smooth muscle layers near the bladder
Inner longitudinal, outer circular and outer longitudinal
66
What do the smooth muscle layers form within the bladder
Detrusor muscle
67
Function of detrusor muscle
Micturition
68
What innervates the bladder
Parasympathetic ganglia
69
Lining of female urethra
Transitional epithelium and then stratified squamous near surface of body

Histology (22 decks)

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