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Connective Tissue Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Why is connective unusual to other major tissues

A

It consists of cells embedded in large quantities of extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What is extracellular matrix composed of

A

Protein fibres, amorphous ground substance and tissue fluid

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3
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Space filler, mechanical support, attachment, protection, highway for nutrients, main fat store, calcium store, and site of many immunological defence reactions

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4
Q

Three types of connective tissue

A

Soft connective tissue, herd connective tissue, and blood and lymph

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5
Q

Where so soft connective tissue found

A

Tendons, ligaments, mesentery, stroma of organs, and dermis of skin

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6
Q

Where is hard connective tissue found

A

Bone and cartilage

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7
Q

Resident cells of connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts, adipose cells, osteocytes, and chondrocytes

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8
Q

Fibroblasts structure

A

Elongated cells with tapered ends

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9
Q

Function of fibroblasts

A

Produce and maintain extra cellular matrix

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10
Q

What effect does damage have on fibroblasts

A

Causes them to proliferate

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11
Q

Adipose cell structures

A

Single giant fat droplet

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12
Q

What do adipose cells release

A

Fatty acid

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13
Q

What type of cells are the predominant cells of adipose tissue

A

Adipose cells

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14
Q

Where is brown fat found

A

Foetus and neonate

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15
Q

Structure of brown fat cells

A

Contain many small fat droplets and numerous mitochondria

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16
Q

When brown fat is oxidised what occurs

A

A large amount of heat is produced and this is known as non-shivering thermogenesis

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17
Q

Adipose tissue characteristics

A

Largest energy store in the body, in a constant state of turnover and is sensitive to both hormonal and nervous stimuli

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18
Q

Intermediate cell found during wound healing

A

Myofibroblast

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19
Q

What actions do myofibroblast carry out during wound repair

A

They cause wound contraction by producing collagen fibres and tugging on them to draw together the wound margins

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20
Q

What cells are immigrant cells

A

Leukocytes and mast cells

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21
Q

Types of leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes and macrophages

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22
Q

Where do leukocytes migrate from

A

The blood stream

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23
Q

What causes an increase in leukocytes

A

Inflammation or infection

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24
Q

What do mast cells contain

A

Granules of heparin, histamine and substances that stimulate inflammation and attract white blood cells

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25
What is responsible for the symptoms of an allergic reaction
Histamine
26
What type of leukocyte leaves the blood stream in response to infection
Neutrophils
27
What type of leukocyte is found in increased number during allergic reactions and parasitic diseases
Eosinophils
28
What transient cells are found in connective tissue
Macrophages
29
Characteristics of macrophages
- Derived from monocytes in the bone marrow - Transform into macrophages in the connective tissue - Can proliferate locally - Are phagocytic cells - Have a body wide distribution
30
What does the presence of histamine cause
Increased permeability of small blood vessels and increased mucous production and smooth muscle contraction in airways
31
What is the smallest cell present in connective tissue
Lymphocytes
32
Composition of lymphocytes
Small nucleus with almost no cytoplasm
33
Where are large numbers of lymphocytes found
In the gut
34
What do B lymphocytes give rise to
Plasma cells
35
Where are plasma cells likely to be found
Site of infection
36
Composistion of plasma cells
Large oval cells, rich in rough ER and a basophilic cytoplasm
37
What is the function of plasma cells
To synthesis antibodies found in the blood stream
38
What actions are causes by plasma cells
Neutralise harmful antigens, render toxins harmless, promote phagocytosis and protect the body from micro-organisms
39
What are the fibres of the extracellular matrix made up of
Collagen, reticular and elastic fibres
40
What is ground substance
An amorphus space occupying material
41
What is ground substance made of
Unbranched polysaccharide molecules, glycoaminoglycands (GAGs), most of which are bound to a protein core to form glycoproteins
42
What synthesises collagen
Fibroblasts
43
Characteristics of collagen
Inelastic and the most common form (type I) has a tensile strength similar to mild steel, making a tissue which is both flexible and strong
44
Characteristics of reticular fibres
Thin fibres made of type II collagen that forms a support network in many organs
45
In which organs can you find reticular fibres
Liver, lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow
46
Characteristic of elastic fibres
- Provide elasticity - Made of elastin and the microfibril fibrilin - Provide blood vessels with elastic recoil
47
Characteristics of GAGs
- Linear polysaccharides bound, covalently, to a protein core, forming a preoteoglycan molecule - Intensly hydrophillic due to presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and sulphate groups - Trap water so are resistant to compression
48
What do GAGs provide for the extracellular matrix
Turgor and determine the diffusion of substances through the matrix
49
Function of structural glycoproteins
Bind molecules on the surface of cells as well as extracellular matrix components so establish structural continuity between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
50
Most common glycoproteins
Fibronectin, laminin, and chondronectin
51
Function of fibronectin
Bind ECM to ECM
52
Where is laminin found
Basal lamina
53
Where is chondronectin found
In cartilage
54
Types of soft connective tissue
Mesenchyme, loose connective tissue, desne regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue
55
Mesenchyme
Embryonic connective tissue that differentiates into cells that become fibroblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes
56
Loose connective tissue
Loosely packed fibres separated by abundant ground substance
57
Where is loose connective tissue found
Mesentery, adipose tissue, stroma of many organs
58
What is loose connective tissue also known as
Areolar tissue
59
Dense regular connective tissue
Densely packed aligned collagen fibres
60
Dense irregular connective tissue
Densely packed collagen fibres that run in many directions

Histology (22 decks)

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