Female Reproductive System Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the ovary
A
Production of gametes and produce steroids
2
Q
What steroids are produced by the ovaries
A
Oestrogen and progesterone
3
Q
Structure of the ovary
A
Made up of a cortex and medulla
4
Q
What does the medulla form
A
The core of the organ
5
Q
What does the medulla contain
A
Loose connective tissue, contorted arteries, veins and lymphatics
6
Q
What is within the cortex
A
Scattered ovarian follices within a highly cellular connective tissue stroma
7
Q
What is the outer shell of the cortex made up of
A
Dense connective tissue layer
8
Q
What is the outer layer of the cortex known as
A
The tunica albuginea
9
Q
What covers the tunica albuginea
A
Single layer of cuboidal cells called the germinal layer
10
Q
What forms oogina
A
Germ cells from the yolk sac invading the ovaries and proliferating by mitosis
11
Q
What do developed oogonia form
A
Mature oocytes
12
Q
What is oogenesis
A
The development of oocytes from oogenia
13
Q
What is folliculogenesis
A
The growth of the follicle
14
Q
What does the follicle consist of
A
The oocyte and associated supporting cells
15
Q
What is atresia
A
The loss of oogina and oocytes via an apoptosis-based process
16
Q
What happens following cell death
A
The cell is reapsorbed
17
Q
At what stage of meiosis do the oocytes halt at
A
Prophase I
18
Q
If an oocytes fails to associate with pregranulosa cells what occurs
A
It will die
19
Q
What shape are the inactive pregranulosa cells
A
Squamous
20
Q
What happens to the shape of the pregranulosa cells when the follicles are active
A
Cuboidal
21
Q
What defines the primary follicle
A
Cuboidal granulosa cells
22
Q
What are the cuboidal gransulosa cells of the primary follicle known as
A
The zona granulosa
23
Q
What cells associate outside the primary follicle
A
Stromal cells
24
Q
What do the stromal cells go on to form
A
The theca folliculi
25
What is the zona pellucida
A layer of specialised extracellular matrix between the oocyte and granulosa cells
26
What do the inner cells of the theca follicle form and how
The theca interna and by undergoing epitheloid transformation
27
What does the theca interna secrete
Oestrogen precursors
28
What converts the oestrogen precursor to oestrogen
Granulosa cells
29
What does the outer layer of the theca follicle form
The theca externa
30
What does the granulosa cell layer express
Receptors for follicle-stimulating hormones
31
What do the theca intera cells express
Receptors for lutenising hormone
32
What secretes lutenising hormone
The anterior pituitary
33
What is a major role of the follicle
Production of hormones
34
What does the theca interna produce
Androgens
35
What happens to the androgens
They diffuse across the basal lamina and are converted to oestrogen by the granulosa cells
36
As the follicle enlarges what space is formed
The antrum
37
What fluid fills the antrum
Follicular fluid
38
What are the largest antrum follicles called
Graafian follicles
39
What is the cumulus oophorus
The mound of cells extending from the wall of the follicle and surrounding the oocyte
40
What happens one day before ovulation
The oocyte in the largest graafian follicle will complete meiosis I
41
What is the polar body
The secondary nucleus from the end of meiosis I that is taken away to degenerate
42
When does the secondary oocyte complete meiosis
When it is released and fertilised by a sperm
43
Prior to release the follicle creates a bulge in the ovary known as
Follicular stigma
44
What happens to the follicle after ovulation
It transforms into the corpus luteum
45
Once the follicle becomes the corpus luteum what are the theca and granulosa cells known as
The theca lutein cells and granulosa lutein cells
46
What do the theca lutein and granulosa lutein cells secrete
Oestrogen and progesterone
47
What does the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone help with
The preparation of the uterus for implantation
48
What occurs if no implantation occurs
The corpus luteum becomes a white coloured connective tissue called the corpus albicans
49
What occurs if implantation occurs
The placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum and maintains progesterone levels
50
What are the uterine tubes also known as
Oviducts or fallopian tubes
51
Where does the infundibulum move to
The site where the follicle will rupture from the ovary
52
What propells the ovum through the fallopian tubes
Gentle peristalsis and currents created by cilliated epithelium
53
What do secretory cells in the fallopian tubes secrete
Nutrients
54
Where does fertilisation usually occur
In the ampulla
55
Where is the fertilised ovum transported to
The uterus
56
Structure of the mucous in the ampulla
Folded and lined by simple columnar epithelium with cilliated and secretory cells
57
What surround the ampulla
Smooth muscle
58
How many layers of smooth muscle coat the ampulla and isthmus
Ampulla - 2
| Isthums - 3
59
What is the endometrium
An inner secretory mucosa
60
What makes up the endometrium
Tubular secretory glands embedded in connective tissue stroma
61
What makes up the myometrium
3 layers of smooth muscle combined with collagen and elastic tissue
62
What is the perimetrium
An outer visceral covering of loose connective tissue covered my mesothelium
63
What is the two layers of the endometrium
The stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
64
What is the functionalis
It undergoes constant growth, loss and degeneration
65
What is the function of basalis
To regenerate the functionalis
66
What happens during the proliferative phase
The stratum basalis proliferates and glands, stroma and vasculature grow
67
What lines the glands
Pseudostratified columnar epthlium
68
When does the proliferative phase end
One day after ovulation
69
What happens during the secretory phase
The glands become coiled and secrete glycogen
70
What happens during the menstrual phase
Arterioles in the stratum functionalis undergo constriction, depriving the tissue of blood and causing ischemia, with resultant tissue breakdown, leakage of blood and sloughing
71
What is the cervix
A short cylinder with a small lumen that projects into the upper vagina
72
What is the cervix made up of
Mostly fibrous connective tissue covered by stratified squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface and transitioning to mucous secreting simple columnar epithlieum
73
What is the transitioning zone within the cervix known as
The squamocolumnar junction
74
Characteristic of the mucous secreting epithelium
The canal is deeply furrowed, forming glands known as endocervical glands
75
What is the secretion of the endocervical glands like in the proliferative phase
Watery and thin
76
What is the secretion of the endocervical glands like after ovulation
Thick and viscous
77
How many layers make up the vagina
4
78
What are the layers of the vagina
Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria
Fibromuscular layer
Adventitia
79
What happens to the epithelial layer of the vagina during reproductive years
It is thicker and the cells are enlarged due to glycogen accumulation
80
What is the composition of the lamina propria of the vagina
Connective tissue rich in elastic fibres and thin walled blood vessels
81
What is the make up of the fibromuscular layer of the vagina
Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
82
What lubricates the wall of the vagina
Mucous from the cervical glands and fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the lamina propria
83
What metabolises the glycogen and what does it become
The commensal bacteria and it becomes lactic acid
84
What is the function of lactic acid within the vagina
The inhibition of the growth of pathogenic bacteria
85
What is the mons pubis
Skin which contains highly oblique hair follicles, overlying a substantial subcutaneous fat pad which overlies the pubic symphysis
86
What is the labia majora
An extension of the mons pubis
87
Structure of the labia majora
Rich in aprocine sweat glands and sebaceous glands with bundles of smooth muscle
88
Structure of the labia minora
Skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles, but are rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands
89
What does the clitoris contain
Two tubes of erectile vascular tissue
90
What covers the erectile tissue
A fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin with rich innervation and a thin epidermis
91
What is the breast
A subcutaneous gland
92
What gland are within the secretory tissue of the breast
Compound tubulo-acinar glands
93
How do the glands of the breast get drained
Via a series of ducts leading to the nipple
94
What is adjacent to the secretory tissue of the breast
Dense fibrous tissue, which is surrounded by adipose tissue
95
What is within the fibrous connective tissue of the breats
Large condensations that extend from the dermis of the skin to the deep fascia of the overlying muscle - suspensory ligaments
96
What is the basic secretory unit of the breast
The terminal duct lobular unit
97
What duct leads to the nipple
The lactiferous duct
98
What is found within the lobule of the breast
Extralobular and intralobular ducts, rudimentary secretory acini and dense fibrocollagenous connective tissue
99
What of the secretory cells of the acini surrounded by
Myoepithelial cells
100
What are myoepithelial cells
Contractile epithelial cells
101
What lines the larger ducts of the breast
Thin stratified squamous to stratified cuboidal
102
Structure of the nipple
Wrinkled surface covered by a thin, highly pigmented keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
103
What comprises the core of the nipple
Dense irregular connective tissue mixed with bundles of smooth muscle
104
Lining of the lactiferous duct
Near surface - stratified squamous
Deeper - stratified cuboidal epithelium
Deeper still - one cell thick lining
105
When do changes in breast occurs
In the menstrual phase, luteal phase and during pregnancy
106
Changes that occurs in the breast during luteal phase
The epithelial cells increase in height, the lamina of the ducts become enlarged and small amounts of secretions appear in the ducts
107
Changes that occur in the first trimester of pregnancy in the breast
Elongation and branching of the smaller ducts, combined with proliferation of the epithelial cells of the glands and the myoepithelial cells
108
Changes that occur in the breast in the second trimester
Glandular tissue continues to develop with differentiation of secretory alveoli
109
Changes that occur in the breast in the third trimester
Secretory alveoli continue to mature, with development of extensive rER
110
What does the presence of oestrogen and progesterone in pregnancy cause
Stimulate proliferation of secretory tissue and fibro-fatty tissue becomes sparse
111
Composition of maternal milk
Water, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids - main components
| Ions, vitamins and IgA antibodies - small quantities
112
How are lipid droplets in milk secreted
They are surrounded by a membrane and carry a small amount of cytoplasm away - apocrine secretion
113
How are proteins made and secreted
Made in the rER and packed in the golgi apparatus and secreted via vesicles which merge with the apical membrane to release their contents - merocrine secretion
114
What happens following the menopause
The secretory cells of the tubular duct lobule units degenerate leaving only ducts
115
What happens to the connective tissue after menopause
Fewer fibroblasts and reduce collagen and elastic fibres
