Endocrine System

Question 1

Functions of endocrine system

Answer 1

Maintain body homeostasis, help the body react to stress and regulate growth and development, including sexual development

Question 2

How does the endocrine system achive its functions

Answer 2

Through the production and secretion of hormones

Question 3

What are the main types of hormones produced by the endocrine system

Answer 3

Protein and glycoprotein, small peptide, derivatives of amino acids and steroids derived from cholesterol

Question 4

What does the endocrine system consist of

Answer 4

Major endocrine organs, organs with partial endocrine roles and the diffuse endocrine system

Question 5

What is the origin of most endocrine tissue

Answer 5

Epithelial

Question 6

Some major endocrine glands

Answer 6

Pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads

Question 7

Why is the pituitary known as the master gland

Answer 7

As its hormones regulate the activity of many other endorine glands

Question 8

Where is the pituitary located

Answer 8

Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Question 9

Another name for the pituitary

Answer 9

Hypophysis

Question 10

What are the two lobes of the pituitary

Answer 10

Anterior/adenohypothysis and posterior/neurohypophysis

Question 11

What is the posterior lobe developed from

Answer 11

Downwards growth of the hypothalamus

Question 12

What attaches the posterior lobe to the hypothalamus

Answer 12

Pituitary stalk

Question 13

What does the anterior lobe form from

Answer 13

An upwards pocket of epithelium in the roof of the oral cavity called Rathke’s pouch

Question 14

What controls the secretion from the anterior pituitary

Answer 14

Hormones released from the hypothalamus

Question 15

How are the hormones from the hypothalamus delivered to the anterior pituitary

Answer 15

In high concentrations through they hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

Question 16

What hormones does the pituitary secrete

Answer 16

Oxytocin, ADH, growth hormones, prolactin, gonadotropins, ACTH and TSH

Question 17

What are the hypothamic hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary

Answer 17

Growth-releasing hormone, somatostatin, thyrotropic-releasing hormone, corticotrophin-hormone, alopanine and gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 18

What does the anterior pituitary consist of

Answer 18

Packed secretory cells interspersed with fenestrated endothelium-lined vascular sinuses

Question 19

What are the cells of the anterior pituitary

Answer 19

Acidophils, basophils and chemophobes

Question 20

What are acidophils and basophils known as collectively

Answer 20

Chromophils

Question 21

What does the posterior pituitary consist of

Answer 21

Axons of nerve cells in the suraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

Question 22

What are the special glial cells within the posterior pituitary

Answer 22

Pituicytes

Question 23

What are the swellings in the axons of the posterior pituitary

Answer 23

Herring bodies

Question 24

What are herring bodies

Answer 24

Aggregations of oxytocin or ADH

Question 25

What is the portion of the pituitary between the anterior and posterior lobes

Answer 25

Pars intermedia

Question 26

What is the pars intermedia

Answer 26

The remnants of the lumen of Rathke pouch

Question 27

What is contained within the pars intermedia

Answer 27

Follicles that contain a colloid

Question 28

What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland

Answer 28

Thyroid follicle

Question 29

What is the thyroid follicle

Answer 29

A spherical space lined by epithelial cells that are low cuboidal when inactive

Question 30

What regulates the basal cell metabolism and heat production

Answer 30

T3 and T4

Question 31

What are C cells

Answer 31

Cells adjacent to the follicle cells | They are within the basal lamina that surrounds the follicle

Question 32

What do C cells produce

Answer 32

Calcitonin

Question 33

What function does calcitonin have

Answer 33

Inhibits osteoclast activity and lowers blood calcium

Question 34

What are C cells derived from

Answer 34

Neural crests

Question 35

What are the parathyroid glands

Answer 35

Four oval glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Question 36

What do the parathyroid glands produce

Answer 36

Parathyroid hormone

Question 37

Function of parathyroid hormone

Answer 37

Increases serum calcium by stimulating the release of calcium from bone, increasing renal calcium absorption and increasing calcium absorption from the gut

Question 38

What are the 3 cells within the parathyroid glands

Answer 38

Principle/chief cells, oxyphils and occasional adipose cells

Question 39

Chief cells

Answer 39

Small, lightly stained cells with dark, central nuclei | Secrete PTH

Question 40

Oxyphils

Answer 40

Larger eosinophil cells Appear at puberty and become more numerous with age Have large numbers of mitochondira

Question 41

What surrounds the parathyroid gland

Answer 41

Connective tissue capsule

Question 42

What forms the adrenal cortex

Answer 42

Epithelial cells

Question 43

What forms the adrenal medulla

Answer 43

Neural crest cells

Question 44

What surrounds the adrenal glands

Answer 44

A thick capsule with connective tissue trabeculae extending inwards through the cortex

Question 45

Layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 45

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis

Question 46

What type of hormones are secreted by the zona granulosa

Answer 46

Mineralocorticoids

Question 47

Function of mineralocorticoids

Answer 47

Electrolyte and fluid homeostasis

Question 48

What is the main mineralocorticoid

Answer 48

Aldosterone

Question 49

Function of aldosterone

Answer 49

Promotes Na+ retention in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney

Question 50

What type of hormones does the zona fasciculata produce

Answer 50

Glucocorticoids

Question 51

Unction of glucocorticoids

Answer 51

Involved in many aspects of metabolism

Question 52

What is the main glucocorticoid produced

Answer 52

Cortisol

Question 53

Control of secretion of cortisol

Answer 53

ATCH from the anterior pituitary

Question 54

What type of hormones does the zona reticularis produce

Answer 54

Sex hormones

Question 55

What does the adrenal medulla reinforce

Answer 55

The actions of the sympathetic nervous system at times of stress

Question 56

Cells of the adrenal medulla

Answer 56

Slightly basophilic and arranged in cords and nests | Consist of granules of adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 57

What type of gland is the pancreas

Answer 57

Both exocrine and endocrine

Question 58

What does the endocrine pancreas consist of

Answer 58

Scattered islands of tissue called islets of Langerhan

Question 59

Blood supply of the islets of Langerhan

Answer 59

Have a rich blood supply

Question 60

Secretory cells of the pancreas

Answer 60

Lightly stained and spherical-clustered cells

Question 61

Principle cells within the pancreatic islets

Answer 61

Insulin secreting cells, glucagon secreting cells and somatoststin secreting cells

Question 62

Function of insulin secreting cells

Answer 62

Lowering of blood glucose

Question 63

Function of glucagon secreting cells

Answer 63

Elevation of blood glucose

Question 64

Function of somatostatin secreting cells

Answer 64

Inhibit insulin and glucagon secretion

Question 65

What is an antibody

Answer 65

A identifiable marker on or in a specific cell

Question 66

What hormone do the testes produce and what cell produces it

Answer 66

Testosterone and the Leydig cells

Question 67

What hormones do the ovaries produce

Answer 67

Oestrogen and progesterone