Special Senses

Question 1

Types of cells within a taste bud

Answer 1

Sensory cells/taste receptor cell, supporting/sustenitacular cells and basal cells

Question 2

Taste receptor cells

Answer 2

Apical microvilli with chemoreceptors at the apical pore

Question 3

Sustentactular cells

Answer 3

Supporting sensory cells

May also be a stage in the development of the sensory cells

Question 4

Basal cells of the taste bud

Answer 4

Act a stem cells

Question 5

What happens when an appropriate chemical enters the taste pore

Answer 5

It binds and its receptor causes a release of a neurotransmitter from the sensory cells that stimulate sensory nerve endings

Question 6

5 different tastes

Answer 6

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umani

Question 7

Olfactory epithelium

Answer 7

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 8

Cell types of olfactory epithelium

Answer 8

Olfactory receptor cells, support cells, receptor cells and basal cells

Question 9

Olfactory receptor cells

Answer 9

Bipolar neurones and their nuclei are typically in the middle

Question 10

Support cells of olfactory epithelium

Answer 10

Provide mechanical and metabolic support to the neurones

Nuclei in the basal part of epithelium

Question 11

Basal cells of olfactory epithelium

Answer 11

Act as stem cells

Nuclei in the basal part of the epithelium

Question 12

Receptor cells of olfactory epithelium

Answer 12

Have an olfactory vesicle that extends above the epithelium with non-motile cilia attached
Receptors on the cilia respond to odorants that we can detect and depolarise the cell, producing an action potential

Question 13

Path of axons from olfactory receptor cells

Answer 13

Out of epithelium in bundles, through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and into the olfactory bulb

Question 14

What do the olfactory support cells secrete

Answer 14

Odorant binding proteins and enzymes that have a role in deactivating odorants to terminate their effect

Question 15

What does the olfactory mucosa consist of

Answer 15

Olfactory epithelium and the underlying lamina propria

Question 16

Lamina propria of olfactory mucosa

Answer 16

Contains connective tissue, blood vessels for warming the air, Bowman’s glands and bundles of axons

Question 17

Function of Bowman’s glands

Answer 17

Produce a serous secretion that is released at the surface via ducts and dissolves odorants

Question 18

Type of gland of Bowman’s gland

Answer 18

Tuboalveolar gland

Question 19

What is the pinna of the ear and external auditory meautus covered by

Answer 19

Epidermis

Question 20

Characteristic of ear canal

Answer 20

Hairy skin with sebaceous glands and modified apocrine sweat glands

Question 21

Name of modified sweat glands in the ear canal

Answer 21

Cervminous glands

Question 22

What do the cervminous glands produce

Answer 22

Cervmin - a yellowish waxy substance

Question 23

Layers of the tympanic membrane

Answer 23

Outer layer of thin epidermis, middle layer of collagenous connective tissue and an inner layer of simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 24

How many turns does the cochlea undergo

Answer 24

2.5

Question 25

Name for the centre of the cochlea

Answer 25

Modiolus

Question 26

Ganglion in the cochlea

Answer 26

Spiral ganglion - made of bipolar nerve cell bodies

Question 27

Three compartments of the cochlea

Answer 27

Scala vestibule, cochlear duct and scala tympani

Question 28

Name for the very tip of cochlea and what communicates here

Answer 28

Helicotrema and the scala vestibule and scala tympani

Question 29

What does sound transduce through

Answer 29

Hair cells within the organ of Corti

Question 30

What does the organ of corti sit on

Answer 30

The basilar membrane

Question 31

Are high or low frequencies responded to at the tip of the cochlea

Answer 31

Low

Question 32

Sets of hair cells

Answer 32

3-5 rows of outer hair cells | 1 row of inner hair cells

Question 33

What are the support cell of the hair cells called

Answer 33

Phalangeal cells

Question 34

What do vibrations in the basilar membrane cause

Answer 34

Specialised stereocilia on the apical ends of the hair cells to move against the overlying tectorial membrane

Question 35

What does deformation of the stereocilia on the hair cells cause

Answer 35

Opening of ion channels that depolarise the hair cell which causes the release of neurotransmitters that cause action potentials in the spiral ganglion

Question 36

What are the main hair receptors

Answer 36

Inner hair cells

Question 37

How is position and motion of the head determined

Answer 37

Through the hair cells in the utricle, saccule and semicircular canals

Question 38

The utricle and saccule determine

Answer 38

Head position

Question 39

The semicircular canals determine

Answer 39

Head movement

Question 40

Swelling within the semicircular ducts

Answer 40

Ampulla

Question 41

What is within the ampulla

Answer 41

A sensory organ called the crista ampullaris

Question 42

Structure of the crista ampullaris

Answer 42

Core of connective tissue bulging into the lumen with a covering of epithelium containing hair cells with stereocilia

Question 43

What are the stereocilia of the CA embedded in

Answer 43

A dome of gelatinous material called copula

Question 44

What is contained within the hair cells of the vestibular system

Answer 44

Cilium in addition to the stereocilia

Question 45

Stereocilia + cilium =

Answer 45

Kinocilium

Question 46

What are the utricle and saccule

Answer 46

Two swellings in the vestibule

Question 47

What lines the utricle and saccule

Answer 47

Simple cuboidal epithelium with a small patch of sensory epithelium called the macule

Question 48

What are the stereocilia of the saccule and utricle embedded in

Answer 48

Gelatinous layer which has crystals of calcium carbonate and protein called otoconia