Blood and Microcirculation

Question 1

Plasma

Answer 1

Fluid component of the blood

Question 2

Haematopoiesis

Answer 2

Formation of blood cells

Question 3

What is plasma made of?

Answer 3

Water, Proteins, salts, lipids

Question 4

Components and distribution of blood components

Answer 4

RBCs/Erythrocyte (>98%)

WBCs/Leucocytes (<2%)

Platelets/Thrombocytes (0.002%)

Question 5

What is inside an RBC

Answer 5

Anuclear and no organelles; haemoglobin

Question 6

Why are neutrophils named such

Answer 6

They did not pick up any pigment when blood is stained (colourless/neutral)

Question 7

Which WBCs are granular and which are agranular

Answer 7

Granular:

• Neutrophil (40-75%)
• Eosinophil
• Basophil

Agranular

• Lymphocyte (20-50%)
• Monocyte

Question 8

Why are eosinophils named such

Answer 8

They picked up eosin when stained - pick (bright pink)

Question 9

Why are basophils named such

Answer 9

Pick up the basic part of the dye (bluish purple)

Question 10

Why are monocytes named such

Answer 10

Nucleus seemed very singular

Question 11

How are platelets made and do they have organelles

Answer 11

They are made of chipped off cells of megakaryocyte cells in the bone marrow

yes they have organelles but anuclear

Question 12

Describe the nuclei of basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils

Answer 12

Lobed - multiple different main parts but all are connected as one nucleus

Question 13

Identify

Answer 13

Question 14

How to identify lymphocyte

Answer 14

No lobes, no granules but crescent shaped cytoplasm and big nucleus

Question 15

Describe nucleus of monocyte and describe the cell’s size

Answer 15

Like Kidney

About twice size of erythrocytes

Question 16

Do neutrophils have visible granules

Answer 16

No because neutral

Question 17

Function of RBC

Answer 17

Transport oxygen from lungs to peripheral tissue

Question 18

Function of Platelets

Answer 18

Adhere to defects in blood vessels and assist in clotting mechanism

Question 19

Sciency names of RBC, WBCs and Platelets

Answer 19

Erythrocytes, Leucocytes and Thrombocytes

Question 20

Function of plasma

Answer 20

Transporting gases, nutrients, cells, hormones, antibodies and metabolites around the body

Question 21

Function of Platelets

Answer 21

Destroying infecting organisms and removed dead/damaged tissue
**I think the question means WBCs not platelets

Question 22

Function of Neutrophils

Answer 22

Leave circulatory system in response to tissue damage; remove damaged tissue and kill and phagocytose pathogens; increased in bacterial infection/inflammation

Question 23

When are eosinophil levels elevated

Answer 23

Elevated in allergic reactions and in parasiitic infection

Question 24

Function of Basophils

Answer 24

Phagocytosis and producing heparin and histamine

Question 25

Function of monocyte

Answer 25

Phagocytosis (it is called macrophage when in tissue)

Question 26

When are monocytes elevated

Answer 26

Rarely but happens eg in TB

Question 27

What does a full blood count count?

Answer 27

RBCs, WBCs, Platelets

Question 28

Order of blood components when centrifuged from bottom to top

Answer 28

Question 29

Haematocrit (HCT)

Answer 29

Fraction of blood composed of RBCs

Question 30

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Answer 30

Speed at which RBCs settle to bottom of test tube when centrifuged

Question 31

Hb meaning in full blood count

Answer 31

Total amount of haemoglobin in blood

Question 32

Mean Corpuscular Volume

Answer 32

Mean volume of RBCs

Question 33

MCHC

Answer 33

Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration

Question 34

One non-worrying cause of high RBC or hematocrit

Answer 34

Dehydryation

Question 35

Low RBC or Hematocrit can be characterised as...

Answer 35

Anaemia

Question 36

Low haemoglobin value may indicate

Answer 36

Anaemia or Blood Loss

Question 37

What is a low WBC count referred to as and what is a potential cause

Answer 37

Leukopaenia e.g. bone marrow failure

Question 38

What is a high WBC count referred to as and what is a potential cause

Answer 38

Leukocytosis Infection/Inflammation or Leukaemia

Question 39

How can a blood count indicate necrosis

Answer 39

Elevated levels of certain enzymes in the blood; varied per body part

Question 40

What acute phase plasma proteins are elevated during systemic acute inflammation

Answer 40

Fibrinogen C reactive protein (CRP) Serum Amyloid A (SAA)

Question 41

Rouleaux

Answer 41

The stacks formed by red blood cells that can occur due to inflammation

Question 42

Where does embryonic haematopoiesis occur

Answer 42

Initially in yolk sac then embryonic liver and spleen

Question 43

When is bone marrow established in gestation

Answer 43

20 Weeks

Question 44

In which bone marrows is haematopoiesis restricted to in healthy adults

Answer 44

Proximal long bones, Ribs, Sternum, Pelvis, Vertebrae | Pelvis most

Question 45

Which body parts can try pick up some haematopoeisis when there is an issue with bone marrow

Answer 45

Liver and Spleen; can be diagnosed if they are enlarged

Question 46

What occurs in haematopoiesis

Answer 46

Proliferation of cells and differentiation into mature blood cells

Question 47

What can common myeloid progenitors differentiate into

Answer 47

Megakaryocytes/platelets, erythrocytes, mast cells, myeloblasts (Basophils, neutroiphils, eosinophils, monocytes)

Question 48

What can common lymphoid progenitors differentiate into

Answer 48

NK Cells, Lymphocytes

Question 49

Leukaemia

Answer 49

Malignancy of bone marrow

Question 50

Acute Leukaemia and symptoms

Answer 50

Immature cells in marrow; BM failure because leukaemic cells crowd out other cells Reduced production of RBCs leads to anaemia (breathless/fatigued), pale Reduced production of mature myeloid cells; susceptible to infection Low platelet count so bleeding (especially skin, gums, nose, gut)

Question 51

4 Types of Leukaemia

Answer 51

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

Question 52

Microcirculation

Answer 52

Very small blood vessels; | arterioles, venules, capillaries

Question 53

Role of Capillaries

Answer 53

To allow blood to perfuse through tissues and between cells to allow diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from capillaries into cells

Question 54

What happens to the 20% of the interstitial fluid that is not picked up by the venules

Answer 54

Becomes Lymph

Question 55

What happens if the interstitial fluid is not picked up by the venules or lymphs

Answer 55

Oedema

Question 56

Describe structure of capillaries

Answer 56

Simple squamous epithelial cells sewn together to form tubes with tight junctions (with basement membrane)

Question 57

Diamaters of capillaries and RBC

Answer 57

Capillary - 5-8 Microns RBC - 7 Microns **MEMORISE RELATION NOT VALUE

Question 58

Role of endothelial cells

Answer 58

Permeability barrier Produces extracellular matrix Produces factors that modulate blood flow Produced anticoagulants and prothrombotics Regulating inflammation Cell growth

Question 59

Describe the 3 types of capillaries and their locations

Answer 59

Continuous - 'standard' most places in the body Fenesterated - has got little holes punches in the cytoplasm like a bunch of needle pricks in a fried egg (deliberately a bit leaky) in the kidney for filtration Siusoidal - Like fenestrated but much bigger holes; like fishnet tights. Some cells can leak In bone marrow so new cells can join and spleen where old cells are removed from circulation. Also liver which removes certain blood products.