Building Bodies 1

Question 1

4 Basic Tissue Types

Answer 1

Epithelium
Connective Tissue
Muscle
Nerve

Question 2

Epithelia

Answer 2

Covering and lining membranes of the body and separated from surrounding tissue by basement membrane

Question 3

3 Functions of epithelial

Answer 3

Protecting underlying tissue from outside world
Protects/separates areas within body
Helps hold tissues together
Thermoregulation
Hormone Release (in glands)
Absorption

Question 4

Mesothelium

Answer 4

Lining of body cavities - e.g. pleura/pericardium

Question 5

Endothelium

Answer 5

Epithelial lining of blood vessels

Question 6

Layer types of epithelium

Answer 6

Simple

Stratified

Question 7

Shapes of Epithelium

Answer 7

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

Question 8

If the top of a tissue sample is squamous and bottom is cuboidal epithelium, how do we refer to the cell

Answer 8

Refer to the top; stratified squamous epithelium

Question 9

Which type of epithelium is most protective and example of location

Answer 9

Stratified squamous; Oesophagus, skin, anal/vaginal canal

Question 10

Which type of epithelium is best for diffusion and example of location

Answer 10

Simple squamous, Capillaries

Question 11

Example location of Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 11

Alveoli, Capillaries

Question 12

Example location of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Answer 12

Skin, Anal Canal, Oesophagus

Question 13

Which type of epithelium is best for stretch and example of location

Answer 13

Transitional; Bladder (not stomach)

Question 14

Which type of epithelium is best for secretion/absorption

Answer 14

Columnar because those cells can accommodate the many organelles needed for secretion/absorption; endocrine glands

Question 15

Example location of Columnar Epithelium

Answer 15

Endocrine Gland

Small Intestine

Question 16

Where can we expect to find simple cuboidal

Answer 16

Narrow tubes like ducts of glands that lead from secretory bits to surface; convoluted tubules of kidney

Question 17

Basement membrane and functions

Answer 17

Sheets of matrix at interface of epithelium and connective tissue;

Adhesion
Barrier/permeability control
Orientation/organisation of cells as they are below epithelia

Question 18

Composition of basement membrane

Answer 18

Mainly type IV collagen, glycoproteins and GAGs

Question 19

Pathologies of the Basement Membrane

Answer 19

Renal disease, cancer, epidermolysis bullosa

Question 20

Cytology of Glands

Answer 20

Fold the epithelium and make glands

Question 21

Compare simple acinar and tubular glands; discuss how folding can affect hormone production

Answer 21

The simplest form of a gland is simple acinar/tubular; then can become compound/branched which leads to far more hormonal production as shown in the diagram

Question 22

Are epithelial cancers common; what are they named

Answer 22

Carcinomas are the great majorities of cancers

Question 23

Exocrine gland

Answer 23

Glands that secrete their products onto epithelial surface directly/via duct for local action

Question 24

Types of Exocrine Glands

Answer 24

Merocrine - Contents exocytosed
Apocrine - Vesicle buds off
Holocrine - Cell dies to release

Question 25

Endocrine glands

Answer 25

Glands that release their secretion directly into blood to act on different tissues e.g. pituitary gland

Question 26

Which germ layer does connective tissue come from

Answer 26

Mesoderm

Question 27

What is the ratio of cells to products of cells in connective tissue

Answer 27

Cells 5% : Extracellular Matrix 95%

Question 28

What are the fibres in connective tissue

Answer 28

Collagen: - I and II which are like ropes - III which form branched mesh-like networks - IV which contribute to the basement membrane Elastin: Provides elasticity

Question 29

Reticulin

Answer 29

Type III Collagen

Question 30

Describe collagen synthesis

Answer 30

Procollagen polypeptide chains are synthesised, released into lumen where they are modified and glycosylated The procollagen molecules are cleaved by proteases; collagen molecules assemble into fibrils which form stable covalent crosslinks that overlap and cause banding of the protein

Question 31

Simple role of Collagen

Answer 31

Providing Tensile Strength

Question 32

Pathology of Collagen

Answer 32

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

Question 33

What protein is required for Elastin assembly and what syndrome involves defective genes for that protein

Answer 33

Fibrillin; Marfans syndrome

Question 34

Fibroblasts

Answer 34

Most common cell found in connective tissue that produce collagen and elastin

Question 35

Main glycoproteins

Answer 35

Fibrillin - Links to elastin Fibronectin and Laminin - Components of basement membrane

Question 36

Distinguish between loose and dense connective tissue

Answer 36

Loose: Packing Material Dense: Tough physical support (Dermis, Organ capsule, Ligaments)

Question 37

3 Examples of the range of connective tissue

Answer 37

``` Loose connective tissue under skin Fibrous connective tissue (tendons) Adipose tissue Cartilage Bone Blood ```

Question 38

Glycoaminoglycans (GAGs)

Answer 38

Polysaccharide chains that attract water