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Medicine 1 COPY > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of skin

A

Protection from External Damage - UV, Chemical, Thermal, Mechanical and resistance to sheer stress; thick skin
Barrier - Waterproof and bacterial protection
Sensation - Touch, pressure, nociception, temperature
Metabolic - Synthesis of vit D3, subcutaneous fat is major energy store
Thermoregulation - Insulation, heat loss by sweat evaporation, vasodilation

**Don’t memorise

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2
Q

3 Layers of Fat

A

Epidermis (Epithelium)
Dermis (Connective Tissue)
Hypodermis/subcutis (Fascia)

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3
Q

What type of collagen is in the Dermis

A

Collagen I

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4
Q

Where does epidermis get its nutrients from

A

Capillaries (Probably)

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5
Q

Type of epithelium of skin

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
but specialised so referred to as keratinised which gives them matt texture::

Cells referred to as keratinocytes

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6
Q

Type of connective tissue of dermis

A

Dense irregular connective

**Fibroblasts, collagen I, Elastin
Blood, nerves & receptors
Divided into papillary & reticular dermis

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7
Q

Compare papillary and reticular dermis

A

Papillary has more capillaries and nerve receptors; is part at top of skin just below epidermis
LOOK THIS BACK UP

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8
Q

Keratinocyte layers in epidermis

A

Deep to Superficial:

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum

**Bisexuals Suck Girthy Large Cocks

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9
Q

Role of Stratum Basale

A

Divide to produce cells above

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10
Q

Role of Stratum Spinosum

A

Look spiky because they have a lot of cell junctions (holding skin together)

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11
Q

Role of Stratum Granulosum

A

Granulated, producing a lot of keratin

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12
Q

Role of Stratum Lucidum

A

Few organelles besides nuclei leaving them quite pale

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13
Q

Role of Stratum Corneum

A

Layer of dead cells at top of skin that are kinda empty and have no organelles or anything

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14
Q

Describe Barriers/Junctions of epidermis

A

Tight Junctions to Prevent Paracellular Diffusion

Desmosomes/Hemidesmosomes for mechanical and sheer roles

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15
Q

Cancers of Keratinocytes

A

Basal cell carcinomas (80% of cancers due to high division)

Squamous cell carcinoma (20% of cancers from upper epidermal layers)

Both curable and linked to cumulative sun exposure
Common on head, neck and hands

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16
Q

Skin cell types

A

Keratinocytes (B)
Melanocytes (C)
Langerhans Cells (D)
Merkel Cells (A)

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17
Q

Keratinocytes

A

95% of Epidermal Cells, stratified squamous keratinising epithelial cells

**B

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18
Q

Melanocytes

A

Pigment synthesising cells responsible for skin & hair colour

1/6 of basal cell

**C

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19
Q

Melanosomes

A

Granules of pigments produced in cytoplasm of melanocytes

They are passed to keratinocytes and scatter UV light

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20
Q

Describe the distribution of melanocytes within people of different skin colour

A

The amount is actually about the same, what varies is their activity

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21
Q

Embryonal Derivation of Melanocytes and the consequences of this

A

Derived from the neural crest; this makes melanomas very aggressive

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22
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Epidermal Cell Type - Dendritic APC; migrates to regional lymph nodes and communicates with immune system

**D

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23
Q

Where in the skin do Langerhans Cells exist

Study These Flashcards
A

All epidermal layers and upper dermis-prominent in spinosum

**D

24
Q

Merkel Cell

Study These Flashcards
A

Clear cells connected to keratinocytes and afferent nerves - neuroendocrine function

**A

25
Where do Merkel Cells Sit
In Stratum Basale - Plentiful in touch areas **A
26
Cause of Freckles
Hyperactive melanocytes in a defined area
27
Vitiligo
Macules of De-Pigmented skin enlarging over time
28
Albinism
Lack of melanin due to lack of tyrosinase which is required to make melanin **Don't memorise specifically
29
Types of Physical Stress
30
Macule vs Papule
Macule - A small patch of skin that is altered in colour | Papule - A larger and more aggressive patch
31
What is a Nevus
Mole - Cluster of melanocytes - usually benign
32
What kind of exposure to UV most commonly causes malignant melanomas
Areas exposed intermittently - e.g. back and legs on holiday Risk not as much with those frequently exposed for some reason (probably body getting used to it)
33
Melanoma ABCD
A - Asymmetry B - Borders (Irregular) C - Colour (Difference in colour) D - Diameter (Size) **The more from this list is crossed off, the more likely a mole is to be a melanoma
34
Where is skin epidermal basement membrane and what is it made of
Between dermis and epidermis Composed of Type IV collagen, GIycoproteins, GAGs **Hemidesmosomes adhere epidermis to dermis
35
Functions of Skin basement membrane
Adhesion Barrier (permeability/tumour protection) Organisation of cells (controlling growth and differentiation)
36
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Genetic defect of skin that enables separation of epidermis and dermis causing blistering very easily There are 3 different types, each having separations occurring at different places; focus on junctional EB where there are defective hemidesmosomes
37
Describe Dermis Structure
70% Collagen Papillary dermis is highly vascularised and is the very top part - invaginated Reticular is the majority and has more horizontal collagen and elastin fibres Contains hair and gland structures
38
Regional Variation in Skin (Across body)
Thin Skin Thick Skin Hairy Skin
39
Thin Skin - Locations, Epidermal Thickness & Definition, Keratin Layer Thickness, Type/Frequency of Sweat Gland, Presence of Hair
``` Most regions The epidermis is thinner and less well defined Thinner keratin Lots of eccrine gland so sweat There might be hair? ```
40
Thick Skin - Locations, Epidermal Thickness & Definition, Keratin Layer Thickness, Type of Sweat Gland, Presence of Hair
``` Fingertips and Soles of Feet Thick Epidermis and Well Defined Thick Keratin Layer Lots of Eccrine Glands No Hair ```
41
Hairy Skin - Locations, Epidermal Thickness, Type of Sweat Gland and Follicle/Gland Distribution
Scalp, Axilla & Groin Thin Epidermis Lots of Apocrine Glands, especially in Axilla and Groin Many Hair Follicles and Sebaceous Glands
42
Sebaceous Glands
Small lipd-producing (sebum) gland present in the skin of mammal; protects hair and scent has pheromonal role I think
43
Apocrine vs Eccrine glands
Both are sweat glands located in dermis & subcutis Eccrine: dermal-subcut junction of all skin, ducts open onto skin surface for thermoregulation Apocrine: Localised scent production, open into hair follicles above sebaceous duct, (functional at puberty)
44
How is heat purposely lost through the skin
Vasodilatation causing heat los through radiation/conduction **Vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss
45
Hair follicles
Downgrowths/Invagination from the epidermis Produce hair shafts for thermoregulation and display Erector pili muscle
46
Erector Pili Muscles
Smooth Muscle that make the hair stand straight in the cold - no conscious control
47
What are hair shafts made of
Keratin
48
Role of Efferent Innervation of the Skin
Affect vessel diameter and blood flow | Provides info to sweat glands and Erector Pili muscles
49
Role of Afferent Innervation of the Skin
Afferent nerve endings: Pacinian corpuscle (in subcutis); detect deep pressure & vibration Missners corpuscule made of papillary dermis; rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors (detect light touch/pressure) Ruffini corpuscule; mechanoreceptors responsible for skin stretching Free nerve endings (pain, itch, temp) in papillary dermis SOMETHING ABOUT MERKEL CELLS
50
Pacinian Corpuscule
Modified Schwann Cell Structures in Afferent Skin Nerve Endings Lay in subcutis - responsible for deep pressure & vibration detection **Deep blows like punches
51
Meissners Corpuscule
Structure in Afferent Skin Nerve Endings Seen in Papillary Dermis - Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors for light touch/pressure sensation
52
Ruffini Corpuscule
Structure in Afferent Skin Nerve Endings Mechanoreceptors for skin stretch
53
Free Nerve Endings in the Skin
Structure in Afferent Skin Nerve Endings Seen in Papillary Dermis - Slowly adapting and can associate with Merkel Cells **used in accumulating pressure like touching heat for long time
54
Impetigo
Strep/Staph Bacterial Infection of the Skin
55
Cellulitis
Strep/Staph Bacterial Infection of the Skin
56
Boil
Infection of a hair follicle
57
Acne
Infecte d Follicle blocked with keratin plug

Medicine 1 COPY (88 decks)

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