Building Bodies 2

Question 1

Parenchyma

Answer 1

Cells that perfrom the main function (Mostly Epithelium)

Question 2

Stroma

Answer 2

Support Cells (Mostly Connective Tissue)

Question 3

Basic template of most organs

Answer 3

1. Mucosa - Inner Lining (Epithelium, Basement Membrane, Connective tissue)
2. Submucosa - Support (Connective Tissue)
3. Muscle Layers
4. Outer Wrapping - Connective Tissue (In body cavities coated with a single epithelial layer)

Question 4

What is Ischaemia and what are its aetiologies

Answer 4

Lack of Access to blood supply

Atheroma
Thrombus
Embolism

Question 5

Word for insufficient oxygen

Answer 5

Hypoxia

Question 6

Atheroma

Answer 6

Fatty Deposits

Question 7

Thrombus

Answer 7

Blood clot formed within bloodstream

Question 8

Embolism

Answer 8

Blood clot, air, fat, gas, that travels in blood stream and gets stuck as vessels get smaller

Question 9

What cells need the most blood

Answer 9

Brain and Heart Cells

Question 10

How can cells die

Answer 10

Necrosis (messy), Apoptosis (organised)

Question 11

Autophagy

Answer 11

Self-Eating - Lysosomal digestion of a cell’s own cytoplasmic material - Often happens in recovery after cell damage

Question 12

Process of Cell Death by necrosis

Answer 12

Removing blood supply stops ATP production and cells have limited anaerobic capacity

Failure of energy dependent processes e.g. Na K membrane pump

High Na concentration leads to water rushing by osmosis and cell swells so things burst and organelle membranes break down

Lysosomal contents can disintegrate cells

Question 13

Factors affecting reversibility of ischaemia (before cell death)

Answer 13

Duration of Ishaemic period

Metabolic demand of tissue (cardiac and cerebral neurones are most vulnerable)

Question 14

Infarction

Answer 14

Death of tissue as a result of Ischaemia

Question 15

How can blood samples be used to detect necrosis (not specific)

Answer 15

Different types of tissue release certain concentrations of specific proteins/enzymes when they die which cause a greater blood concentration of those proteins

Question 16

Necrosis summary

Answer 16

Severe damage to cell membranes, enzymes leak from lysosomes into cytoplasm and digest the cell. Cellular contents leak out of the cell eliciting a local reaction. Pathological

Question 17

Apoptosis summary

Answer 17

Cells kill themselves as a result of lack of growth hormones or damage to DNA/proteins. Active, energy dependant, regulated. Physiologic and pathological

Question 18

Examples of physiological apoptosis

Answer 18

Embryological development (Hand ‘club’ converting to fingers)
Involution of hormone dependent tissue (Breast/Uterus)
Maintenance of cell number in tissues with high turnover
Elimination of unwanted cells (WBCs after inflamation/immune reponse)

Question 19

2 Examples of pathological apoptosis

Answer 19

Radiation Damage
Viruses
Misfolded Proteins
Growth factor deprivation
Auto immune conditions

Question 20

Three things involved in thrombus formation

Answer 20

Stasis of blood flow - Atrial Fibrilation
Endothelial Injury - Hypertension
Hypercoagulability - Pregnancy