Building Bodies 2 Flashcards
(20 cards)
Parenchyma
Cells that perfrom the main function (Mostly Epithelium)
Stroma
Support Cells (Mostly Connective Tissue)
Basic template of most organs
- Mucosa - Inner Lining (Epithelium, Basement Membrane, Connective tissue)
- Submucosa - Support (Connective Tissue)
- Muscle Layers
- Outer Wrapping - Connective Tissue (In body cavities coated with a single epithelial layer)
What is Ischaemia and what are its aetiologies
Lack of Access to blood supply
Atheroma
Thrombus
Embolism
Word for insufficient oxygen
Hypoxia
Atheroma
Fatty Deposits
Thrombus
Blood clot formed within bloodstream
Embolism
Blood clot, air, fat, gas, that travels in blood stream and gets stuck as vessels get smaller
What cells need the most blood
Brain and Heart Cells
How can cells die
Necrosis (messy), Apoptosis (organised)
Autophagy
Self-Eating - Lysosomal digestion of a cell’s own cytoplasmic material - Often happens in recovery after cell damage
Process of Cell Death by necrosis
Removing blood supply stops ATP production and cells have limited anaerobic capacity
Failure of energy dependent processes e.g. Na K membrane pump
High Na concentration leads to water rushing by osmosis and cell swells so things burst and organelle membranes break down
Lysosomal contents can disintegrate cells
Factors affecting reversibility of ischaemia (before cell death)
Duration of Ishaemic period
Metabolic demand of tissue (cardiac and cerebral neurones are most vulnerable)
Infarction
Death of tissue as a result of Ischaemia
How can blood samples be used to detect necrosis (not specific)
Different types of tissue release certain concentrations of specific proteins/enzymes when they die which cause a greater blood concentration of those proteins
Necrosis summary
Severe damage to cell membranes, enzymes leak from lysosomes into cytoplasm and digest the cell. Cellular contents leak out of the cell eliciting a local reaction. Pathological
Apoptosis summary
Cells kill themselves as a result of lack of growth hormones or damage to DNA/proteins. Active, energy dependant, regulated. Physiologic and pathological
Examples of physiological apoptosis
Embryological development (Hand ‘club’ converting to fingers)
Involution of hormone dependent tissue (Breast/Uterus)
Maintenance of cell number in tissues with high turnover
Elimination of unwanted cells (WBCs after inflamation/immune reponse)
2 Examples of pathological apoptosis
Radiation Damage Viruses Misfolded Proteins Growth factor deprivation Auto immune conditions
Three things involved in thrombus formation
Stasis of blood flow - Atrial Fibrilation
Endothelial Injury - Hypertension
Hypercoagulability - Pregnancy
