Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology > Blood, it's components and groups > Flashcards

Blood, it's components and groups Flashcards

(128 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

List the 3 functions of blood

A

Transportation
Protection
Regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What gases does blood transport?

A

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What substances other than gases does blood transport?

A

H2O, nutrients, waste products and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is blood involved in temperature regulation?

A

It transports heat - vaso constriction and vaso dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does blood fulfil a protective function?

A

Clotting/Coagulation
Immunity/Defense
Inflammation (WBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does blood help to regulate?

A

Fluid
pH
Temperature
Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Liquid connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What makes blood a connective tissue?

A

Cells are contained in a liquid plasma matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the composition of blood in percentages?

A

Plasma 55%

Cells 45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the process that seperates cells from plasma?

A

Centrifuging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

The cells separated from plasma by the centrifuge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does PCV stand for?

A

Percentage Cellular Volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a normal PCV in males?

A

40-54%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a normal PCV in females?

A

37-47%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the components of plasma?

A 
Water 
Protein
Electrolytes
Glucose/hormones
Organic waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What percentage of Plasma is water?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What percentage of Plasma is protein?

A

8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What percentage of Plasma is electrolytes?

A

0.9%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the plasma proteins?

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the organic waste products found in Plasma?

A

Urea
Creatinine
Uric Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the width of a mature RBC?

A

7microns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the lifespan of an RBC?

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the shape of an RBC?

A

Bi-Concave discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of an RBC?

A

Transport Gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What gases are transported by RBC?
Oxygen | Carbon Dioxide
26
What do RBC's contain?
Haemoglobin | Carbonic Anhydrase Enzyme
27
Why do RBC's have a special shape?
Increased flexibility | Increased surface area
28
Why do RBC's contain Carbonic Anhydrase enzyme
To produce Carbonic Acid from CO2 and Water
29
On average how many haemoglobin molecules does an RBC contain?
Over 1 million
30
How many protein chains does a Haemoglobin molecule contain?
4 chains
31
What is the protein part of Haemoglobin?
Globin
32
How many Oxygen atoms does Haemoglobin carry?
4
33
What metal does Haemoglobin contain that blinds with oxygen molecule?
Iron (Fe+2)
34
How does Foetal haemoglobin differ to adult haemoglobin?
In it's affinity to O2, which is greater in foetal haemoglobin.
35
Why is RBC count lower in women?
Androgens (male hormones) stimulate RBC production | Menstrual losses
36
List the two categories of Leukocytes
Granulocytes | AGranulocytes
37
List the three types of Granulocytes
Neutrophils 60-70% Eosinophils 2-4% Basophils <1%
38
List the two types of AGranulocytes
Lymphocytes 25-33% | Monocytes 3-8%
39
What is the function of a Neutrophil?
Phagocyte in bacterial infections
40
When are eosinophil counts high?
Parasitic infections | Allergies
41
When are basophil counts high?
Chicken Pox Sinusitis Diabetes
42
When are lymphocyte counts high?
During infection and immune responses
43
What is the function of lymphocytes?
Destroy foreign cells & virally infected cells
44
What triggers a macrophagic response in Monocytes?
Cytokines
45
Where are monocytes active when under the influence of cytokines?
Spleen Kidney - mesangial cells Liver - Kupfer cells Brain - microglia
46
In an embryo where are blood cells manufactured?
Yolk Sac
47
In an unborn baby where are blood cells manufactured?
Liver, spleen
48
Following birth, where are blood cells manufactured?
``` Red Bone Marrow (RBC, WBC, Platelets) Lymphoid Tissues (WBC production/maturation) ```
49
What is Haemopoiesis?
Manufacture of Blood cells
50
What is EPO?
Ertythropoietin
51
Where is EPO secreted?
Kidney and Liver
52
What is EPO?
Hormone that controls manufacture of Red Blood Cells
53
What triggers release of EPO?
Hypoxia
54
What type of cell gives rise to all cell types?
Stem Cells
55
What are the names of the transitional cells that eventually develop into an Erythrocyte?
Pro-erythroblast (committed cell) Erythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte
56
At what rate are RBC's manufactured on average?
2.5 million per second
57
Over what period do RBC's develop?
3-5 days
58
What happens to a committed and precursor cell as it matures into an RBC?
Reduction in cell size Synthesis of Haemoglobin Loss of nucleus
59
What percentage of circulating RBC's are reticulocytes?
0.5 - 1.5%
60
Where in the body do RBC's expire?
Spleen - cells burst in narrow channels
61
What function do the macrophages in the liver and spleen perform in relation to RBC expiration?
They digest the RBC components | Convert Haem to bilirubin
62
How is Haem dealt with when an RBC expires?
Broken down to Iron which is stored by the body | Haem in turn broken down into Biliverdin, then bilirubin.
63
What happens to Bilirubin?
This forms part of bile and is then expelled by the body in faecal matter, giving faeces it's brown colour
64
What are some typical causes of Hypoxia?
``` Lung disease Smoking High Altitude Increase in exercise Bleeding ```
65
What is hypoxaemia?
An abnormally low amount of oxygen in the blood
66
Which organs in the body register hypoxaemia and in turn release EPO?
Liver and kidneys
67
What action does EPO have on red bone marrows?
Stimulates them to produce more Red blood cells
68
What does the body need for RBC production?
Iron B12 Folic Acid
69
What are common food sources of iron?
``` Red Meat Shellfish Dried Fruit Nuts Legumes ```
70
How is iron lost from the body?
Urine Faeces Bleeding
71
Where is iron stored in the body?
Liver
72
Where in the body is iron utilised?
``` Bone Marrow (Haemoglobin) Muscle (myoglobin) All cells (enzymes in mitochondria) ```
73
What are the causes of anaemia?
``` Decrease RBC production or Haemoglobin synthesis Inadequate nutrition Loss of blood RBC destruction (haemolytic anaemias) Cell abnormalities (Sickle Cell disease) ```
74
List the types of Anaemia
``` Diet Induced Macrocytic/Microcytic Pernicious - Macrocytic Haemorrhagic - normocytic Haemolytic Aplastic ```
75
What is a platelet?
Small fragment of megakaryocyte cytoplasm
76
How do platelets move?
Amoeboid movement
77
What size are platelets?
2-4 microns
78
What are the functions of platelets?
Secrete Chemicals Form temporary platelet plugs Dissolve old blood clots Attract leukocytes to sites of inflammation
79
What chemicals do Platelets secrete?
Clotting factors Factors for endothelial repair vasoconstrictors in broken vessels
80
What is primary haemostasis
Temporary Platelet plug
81
What is secondary haemostasis
Co-agulation, stable clot
82
What is vascular spasm?
Constriction of a broken blood vessel
83
What triggers vascular spasm?
Pain receptors
84
What causes the blood vessel to constrict?
The release of serotonin by platelets
85
Thrombin is a clotting factor found in Plasma? True or False
True
86
Which organ manufactures pro-thrombin?
Liver
87
What action does Thrombin have on Fibrinogen?
Turns it from soluble to insoluble fibrin
88
What are the two coagulation pathways?
Extrinsic | Intrinsic
89
What is the difference between the two coagulation pathways
Extrinsic is very fast and factors are released by tissues | Intrinsic factors are found only in the blood
90
What is the Common Pathway?
Where the two coagulation pathways converge
91
What substance is essential for coagulation?
Calcium (CA2+)
92
In which coagulation pathway is Factor VIII found?
Intrinsic Pathway
93
Which factors do platelets release in the Intrinsic Coagulation pathway?
Factor XII Factor XI Factor IX Factor VIII
94
What factors do damaged tissues release during the extrinsic coagulation pathway?
Thromboplastin | Factor VII
95
What is Factor III otherwise known as?
Thromboplastin
96
What is Factor II otherwise known as?
Prothrombin
97
What is Factor I otherwise known as?
Fibrinogen
98
What is Factor IV otherwise known as?
Ca2+
99
What is Factor IX otherwise known as?
Christmas Factor
100
What is Factor VIII otherwise known as?
Anti-haemophiliac Factor A
101
What is the significance of Coagulation factor numbers?
They are numbered in the order they were discovered
102
What is fibrinolysis?
Dissolving of a blood clot
103
What is plasmin?
A fibrin dissolving enzyme or clot buster
104
What eventually causes clotting to stop?
Platelets produce clot inhibiting chemicals | Heparin etc inhibit clotting action
105
Do platelets stick to smooth vessel walls?
No
106
Why is rapid blood flow important in prevent clots?
Clotting factors are normally diluted by rapid blood flow
107
What can be a side effect of slow blood flow?
DVT
108
What are the natural anti-coagulants present in blood?
Anti-thrombin | Heparin
109
Where is Anti-thrombin produced in the body?
Liver
110
Which cells secrete Heparin?
Basophils | Mast Cells
111
How does Heparin act as an anti-coagulant?
It inhibits the action of thrombin preventing it converting fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
112
On which chromosome is the gene that determines blood type?
Chromosome 9
113
What are the main blood groups?
A B AB O
114
What is the Rhesus Factor?
Discovered in Rhesus monkeys A type of antigen 85% of people have Rhesus antigen 15% do not and are therefore capable of making anti-rhesus antibodies
115
Why can blood group A not receive blood from group B
Because the antigen A will generate anti-body B in response to the foreign cell leading to illness and death.
116
Why can blood group A receive a donation from blood group A?
Because it's own cells contain antigen A, they are not capable of developing Antibody A so preventing any attack.
117
Why is Group O sometimes referred to as the universal Donor?
A, B, AB and O can all receive blood from group O because it doesn't contain any antigens
118
What is the split of blood groups across the population?
A - 44% B - 9% AB - 4% O - 43%
119
What antigen is present on Rhesus positive Blood Cells
D Antigen
120
What will occur during a mismatched transfusion?
Agglutination | Haemolysis
121
Rhesus Positive Blood can only be given to Rhesus Positive individuals? True or False
True
122
O- blood can be given to any individual? True or False
True
123
What is Haemolytic Disease of Newborn?
Severe Anaemia Toxic Brain Syndrome Linked to Rh- mother and Rh+ baby
124
Why is it especially important for Rh- women to be aware of their blood type?
During their first pregnancy if the baby is Rh+ the blood from the baby may mix with the mothers blood leading to anti-d agglutinin production. Then for consecutive pregnancies if the baby is Rh+ they are at risk of developing Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn if the anti-d agglutinins mix with the foetuses blood.
125
What causes toxic brain syndrome in Haemolytic disease of the newborn?
Excessive Bilirubin
126
How is Haemolytic Disease of Newborn prevented?
Anti-D immunoglobulin given to mother during pregnancy, after delivery and within 3 days after birth
127
How many times a year is it safe to donate blood?
Three times
128
How much blood is it safe to donate at any one time?
500ml or 1 unit

Anatomy & Physiology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions