Urinary System

Question 1

List the organs that make up the Urinary system

Answer 1

Kidney
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

Question 2

How large is an average sized kidney

Answer 2

11cm long
6cm wide
3cm thick

Question 3

Where are the kidneys located in the body

Answer 3

Posterior to (behind) abdominal wall
Inferior to (below) diaphragm

Question 4

What is the Hillum?

Answer 4

Site of the kidney where renal arteries enter and veins and ureters leave

Question 5

Which border is the Hillum of the kidney located?

Answer 5

Medial

Question 6

What is the function of the Ureters?

Answer 6

Carry urine from Kidney to Bladder

Question 7

How long are the Ureters?

Answer 7

25-30cm long

Question 8

Which ureter is longer and why?

Answer 8

The right ureter because the right kidney is positioned higher than the left.

Question 9

What movement occurs in the ureter and how often?

Answer 9

Peristalsis

4-5 times per minute

Question 10

Describe the structure of a ureter.

Answer 10

Thick walled, narrow tube - 3mm diameter

Question 11

What is the function of the Urinary bladder?

Answer 11

Storage of urine

Question 12

How much urine can the bladder hold

Answer 12

Normally 230-300ml

Up to 500ml but this is painful

Question 13

How many layers of tissue does the bladder have and what are they known as?

Answer 13

3 layers
Serous
Muscular
Inner mucous coat

Question 14

What is the function of the uretha?

Answer 14

Pass urine to exterior

Question 15

How long is the urethra in men and women?

Answer 15

Men - 18-20cm long

Women - 4cm long

Question 16

How does the male and female urethra differ in function?

Answer 16

In women it serves the urinary system only

In men it is a common canal for reproductive and urinary system

Question 17

List the functions of the Kidney

Answer 17

Body fluid Volume and osmolality Regulation
Electrolyte balance
Formation of urine through which metabolic waste products and toxins are released
Acid-base balance
Production of hormones and enzymes

Question 18

What is Osmolality?

Answer 18

The concentration of solutes in the body fluid

Question 19

What is the functional unit of the kidney known as?

Answer 19

Nephron

Question 20

What are the component parts of the nephron in order?

Answer 20

Glomerulus
Bowman's Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle (Descending Limb)
Loop of Henle (Ascending Limb)
Distal convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct

Question 21

Name the four stages of blood filtration occurring in the nephron.

Answer 21

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
Water Conservation

Question 22

What type of arteriole enters the glomerular capsule?

Answer 22

Afferent

Question 23

What type of arteriole leaves the glomerular capsule?

Answer 23

Efferent

Question 24

How is kidney disease diagnosed?

Answer 24

By reference to Glomerular Filtration rate

Question 25

What is the definition of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 25

GFR <60ml /min for more than 3 months

Question 26

How many stages are there to kidney disease?

Answer 26

5

Question 27

What is stage 5 kidney disease more commonly known as?

Answer 27

Renal failure or end stage renal disease

Question 28

What are the only available treatments for stage 5 kidney disease?

Answer 28

Renal dialysis or transplantation

Question 29

What is a normal GFR?

Answer 29

90-140 ml / min

Question 30

Which two parts of the nephron are particularly important in urine production?

Answer 30

Proximal Convoluted Tubule Loop of Henle Distal Tubule Collecting duct

Question 31

Why do microvilli line the PCT?

Answer 31

Create a greater surface area for reabsorption

Question 32

Why are there lots of mitochondria in the PCT?

Answer 32

Because solutes are reabsorbed in the PCT by the process of active transport

Question 33

What are type of substances absorbed by the PCT?

Answer 33

Sodium Glucose Amino Acids Water

Question 34

How is sodium absorbed by the PCT?

Answer 34

Active transport

Question 35

How is Glucose and Amino Acids absorbed by the PCT?

Answer 35

Secondary Active Transport

Question 36

Water is absorbed by the PCT as a result of which transport method (form of diffusion)?

Answer 36

Osmosis

Question 37

With regard to reabsorption of substances in the PCT, what happens when transport proteins in the plasma membrane are saturated?

Answer 37

Glycosuria can occur as no more glucose can be reabsorbed

Question 38

Where in the nephron does counter current exchange take place?

Answer 38

Loop of Henle in Nephron

Question 39

What substances are absorbed in the Loop of Henle and the distal tubule and collecting ducts?

Answer 39

Sodium | Water

Question 40

How is sodium and water reabsorption regulated in the distal tubule and collecting ducts?

Answer 40

By hormones

Question 41

Why is counter current exchange useful?

Answer 41

It allows the kidneys to produce concentrated urine when there is a need to conserve water

Question 42

Where is potassium secreted in the nephron?

Answer 42

Distal Tubule and Collecting ducts

Question 43

Release of what hormone increases blood volume?

Answer 43

Aldosterone

Question 44

What effect does aldosterone have on electrolytes in the nephron?

Answer 44

Stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct

Question 45

Release of what hormone leads to a decrease in blood volume?

Answer 45

Atrial Natriuetic Peptide

Question 46

What effect does Atrial Natriuetic Peptide have on Sodium?

Answer 46

It increases it's excretion

Question 47

What is ADH?

Answer 47

Anti-diuretic Hormone

Question 48

What effect does an increase in ADH have on the nephrons?

Answer 48

The collecting ducts reabsorb more water

Question 49

What effect does a decrease in ADH have on the nephrons?

Answer 49

It causes a decrease in water reabsorption in the collecting ducts