Flashcards in Urinary System Deck (49):
1
List the organs that make up the Urinary system
Kidney
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
2
How large is an average sized kidney
11cm long
6cm wide
3cm thick
3
Where are the kidneys located in the body
Posterior to (behind) abdominal wall
Inferior to (below) diaphragm
4
What is the Hillum?
Site of the kidney where renal arteries enter and veins and ureters leave
5
Which border is the Hillum of the kidney located?
Medial
6
What is the function of the Ureters?
Carry urine from Kidney to Bladder
7
How long are the Ureters?
25-30cm long
8
Which ureter is longer and why?
The right ureter because the right kidney is positioned higher than the left.
9
What movement occurs in the ureter and how often?
Peristalsis
4-5 times per minute
10
Describe the structure of a ureter.
Thick walled, narrow tube - 3mm diameter
11
What is the function of the Urinary bladder?
Storage of urine
12
How much urine can the bladder hold
Normally 230-300ml
Up to 500ml but this is painful
13
How many layers of tissue does the bladder have and what are they known as?
3 layers
Serous
Muscular
Inner mucous coat
14
What is the function of the uretha?
Pass urine to exterior
15
How long is the urethra in men and women?
Men - 18-20cm long
Women - 4cm long
16
How does the male and female urethra differ in function?
In women it serves the urinary system only
In men it is a common canal for reproductive and urinary system
17
List the functions of the Kidney
Body fluid Volume and osmolality Regulation
Electrolyte balance
Formation of urine through which metabolic waste products and toxins are released
Acid-base balance
Production of hormones and enzymes
18
What is Osmolality?
The concentration of solutes in the body fluid
19
What is the functional unit of the kidney known as?
Nephron
20
What are the component parts of the nephron in order?
Glomerulus
Bowman's Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle (Descending Limb)
Loop of Henle (Ascending Limb)
Distal convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct
21
Name the four stages of blood filtration occurring in the nephron.
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
Water Conservation
22
What type of arteriole enters the glomerular capsule?
Afferent
23
What type of arteriole leaves the glomerular capsule?
Efferent
24
How is kidney disease diagnosed?
By reference to Glomerular Filtration rate
25
What is the definition of chronic kidney disease?
GFR <60ml /min for more than 3 months
26
How many stages are there to kidney disease?
5
27
What is stage 5 kidney disease more commonly known as?
Renal failure or end stage renal disease
28
What are the only available treatments for stage 5 kidney disease?
Renal dialysis or transplantation
29
What is a normal GFR?
90-140 ml / min
30
Which two parts of the nephron are particularly important in urine production?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting duct
31
Why do microvilli line the PCT?
Create a greater surface area for reabsorption
32
Why are there lots of mitochondria in the PCT?
Because solutes are reabsorbed in the PCT by the process of active transport
33
What are type of substances absorbed by the PCT?
Sodium
Glucose
Amino Acids
Water
34
How is sodium absorbed by the PCT?
Active transport
35
How is Glucose and Amino Acids absorbed by the PCT?
Secondary Active Transport
36
Water is absorbed by the PCT as a result of which transport method (form of diffusion)?
Osmosis
37
With regard to reabsorption of substances in the PCT, what happens when transport proteins in the plasma membrane are saturated?
Glycosuria can occur as no more glucose can be reabsorbed
38
Where in the nephron does counter current exchange take place?
Loop of Henle in Nephron
39
What substances are absorbed in the Loop of Henle and the distal tubule and collecting ducts?
Sodium
Water
40
How is sodium and water reabsorption regulated in the distal tubule and collecting ducts?
By hormones
41
Why is counter current exchange useful?
It allows the kidneys to produce concentrated urine when there is a need to conserve water
42
Where is potassium secreted in the nephron?
Distal Tubule and Collecting ducts
43
Release of what hormone increases blood volume?
Aldosterone
44
What effect does aldosterone have on electrolytes in the nephron?
Stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct
45
Release of what hormone leads to a decrease in blood volume?
Atrial Natriuetic Peptide
46
What effect does Atrial Natriuetic Peptide have on Sodium?
It increases it's excretion
47
What is ADH?
Anti-diuretic Hormone
48
What effect does an increase in ADH have on the nephrons?
The collecting ducts reabsorb more water
49