Cells & Tissues

Question 1

Functions of connective tissue? (Tip: there are 4)

Answer 1

Support/Anchor
Transportation
Storage
Defence

Question 2

Name the different types of connective tissue.

Tip: There are 3 types

Answer 2

Connective Tissue Proper
Fluid Connective Tissue
Supporting Connective Tissue

Question 3

List some examples of the types of cells found within connective tissue proper.

Answer 3

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Collagen
Mast Cells

Question 4

Name and describe examples of Columnar Epithelium

Answer 4

Simple
Modified Simple
Complex

Question 5

Define and describe a Eukaryotic cell

Answer 5

Multi-cellular organism
Contain a nucleus with DNA (Karyon)
Size 10-40 microns (or larger)
Extensive organelles

Question 6

Describe endoplasmic reticulum (inc. function).

Answer 6

“Production line”
Two types - Rough & Smooth
Rough contains Ribosomes and is the site of protein synthesis within the cell
Smooth is the site of lipid synthesis in the cell

Question 7

Describe the function and characteristics of epithelial tissue

Answer 7

Protective / Barrier function
Control absorption / secretion
Layers of closely bound cells supported by a basal membrane
1) covering internal and external surfaces of organs
2) lining of cavities and tubes

Question 8

List the different types of epithelial tissue

Answer 8

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

They can be either Simple, Stratified or Keratinised

Question 9

What is the function of the Golgi Complex?

Answer 9

“Assembly & Packaging”
Assembly - Carbohydrate modification
Packaging - modifying & sorting proteins into vesicles

Question 10

Describe the structure and function of a Lysosome

Answer 10

“Recycling centre of the cell”

• Small sacs containing enzymes
• Has an extreme pH
• Break down small food stuffs
• Destroy unwanted proteins and chemicals

Question 11

Do Mitochondria contain DNA?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

List 5 key organelles within a cell

Answer 12

Nucleus
ER
Golgi Complex
Mitochondria
Lysosomes

Question 13

What is a prokaryote

Answer 13

A single celled organism

Question 14

List the common characteristics of a Prokaryotic cell

Answer 14

No Nucleus
Hereditary information held in cytoplasm
Limited number of organelles
Cell wall & Capsule
1-5 Micron in size

Question 15

What important eukaryotic cell does not contain a nucleus?

Answer 15

Erythrocyte

Question 16

Example site of simple squamous epithelia

Answer 16

Capillaries

Question 17

Example site(s) of stratified squamous epithelia

Answer 17

Oral cavities, anus, vagina, oesophageal lining

Question 18

Example of keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 18

Skin on the palm of hands or soles of feet

Question 19

What is Simple diffusion?

Answer 19

Net movement of chemicals from regions of a high concentration to regions of a low concentration, until they are distributed

Question 20

What is Facilitated diffusion?

Answer 20

Plasma membrane integral carriers allow passage through protein channels

Question 21

What is Osmosis?

Answer 21

Water or solvent chemicals move from regions of a high concentration of water or solvent chemicals through a selectively permeable membrane

Question 22

What is filtration?

Answer 22

Hydrostatic pressure forces water and small chemicals through selectively permeable membranes from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

Question 23

What is active transport?

Answer 23

Plasma membrane protein carriers transport ions, chemicals from regions of a low concentration to regions of a high concentration

Question 24

What is Exocytosis?

Answer 24

Cytoplasmic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and expel particles from the cell

Question 25

What is Endocytosis?

Answer 25

Membrane-bound vesicles enclose large chemicals, take them into the cytoplasm, and release them

Question 26

What are 3 types of Endocytosis?

Answer 26

Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 27

What is Phagocytosis?

Answer 27

'Cell eating'. Ingesting of solid particles. Forms phagosomes

Question 28

What is Pinocytosis?

Answer 28

'Cell drinking'. Ingestion of fluid droplets and their dissolved substances. Pinosomes release contents into cytoplasm

Question 29

What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Answer 29

Specific plasma membrane receptors bind with chemicals, forming ligands, and take them into the cell's cytoplasm via endosomes

Question 30

Why is particle size important in relation to cell membrane permeability?

Answer 30

Many small molecules can pass freely through membrane whereas larger ones have difficulty and may stay in interstitial or intracellular fluid

Question 31

What are pores in the cell membrane?

Answer 31

Channels that permit specific substances to move in and out of the cell

Question 32

What is the purpose of a pump in relation to the cell membrane?

Answer 32

It imports or exports specific substances eg ions into and out of the cell

Question 33

What substances make up the cell membrane?

Answer 33

Phospholipid bi-layer with proteins sugars lipid cholesterol

Question 34

Describe the structure of phospholipid molecules including electrical charges (tip: water loving/hating)

Answer 34

``` Electrically charged (polar) hydrophilic head Non-electrically charged (non-polar) hydrophobic tail ```

Question 35

What is the importance of the water hating central lining of the plasma membrane?

Answer 35

It makes interior of the plasma membrane relatively impermeable to most water soluble molecules

Question 36

What effect does cholesterol have on the plasma membrane?

Answer 36

Stabilizing effect | Helps keep it fluid

Question 37

What substance forms pores in the plasma membrane?

Answer 37

Protein clusters

Question 38

Why is the cell surface sticky?

Answer 38

Presence of Glycoproteins

Question 39

Are Glycoproteins present on the intracellular or extracellular space?

Answer 39

Extra-cellular

Question 40

List functions of glycoproteins

Answer 40

Determine blood type Receptors for certain bacteria, virus or toxins to bind to Role in cell to cell interactions

Question 41

List different types of membrane junctions

Answer 41

Tight Junctions Desmosomes Gap Junctions

Question 42

What is a tight junction?

Answer 42

Membrane junction Form leakproof sheets Adjacent plasma membranes fuse like a zipper Small intestine

Question 43

What is a desmosome?

Answer 43

Membrane Junction Anchor Prevent cells being pulled apart Skin cells

Question 44

What is a Gap Junction?

Answer 44

Membrane Junction Communication Chemical molecules can pass through them from one cell to another Heart and between Embryonic cells

Question 45

Are mitochondrial walls composed of a single or double membrane?

Answer 45

Double

Question 46

List the different types of Simple Epithelium

Answer 46

Simple Squamous Simple Cuboidal Simple Columnar Pseudostratified Columnar

Question 47

List the different types of Stratified Epithelium

Answer 47

Stratified Squamous Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Columnar

Question 48

Oesophagus, mouth and outer skin are all examples of what type of epithelium

Answer 48

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Question 49

Ducts of large glands are examples of what 2 types of epithelium

Answer 49

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Question 50

Which type of epithelium lines the urinary bladder, ureters and urethra

Answer 50

Transitional Epithelium

Question 51

What is special about transitional epithelium

Answer 51

Cells slide past each other & change shape | Allows for Stretch