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Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

List the functions of the skeletal system. (Tip - PMS SB)

A

Protect internal organs Movement - provides leverage Support Storage of calcium Blood cell production

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2
Q

What tissue forms bone structure?

A

Specialised connective tissue

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3
Q

What are the two components of the Matrix?

A

Organic component Inorganic component

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4
Q

What properties does osteoid have? (SEF)

A

Strong Easily compressed Flexible

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5
Q

What properties does hydroxyapatite have? (HIB)

A

Hard Inflexible Brittle

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6
Q

What properties does the combination of osteoid and hydroxyapatite give to bone? (SFR)

A

Strength Flexibility Resistance to shattering

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7
Q

What 2 complexes make up osteoid?

A

Collagen Protein

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8
Q

What are the mineral salts that make up most of hydroxyapatite?

A

Calcium Phosphate Calcium Carbonate

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9
Q

Is osteoid organic or inorganic?

A

Organic (O for osteoid and organic)

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10
Q

Is hydroxyapatite organic or inorganic?

A

Inorganic

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11
Q

Cells are suspended in the matrix of bones? True or false?

A

True

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12
Q

Name the four cell types suspended in connective tissue matrix?

A

Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Osteogenic Stem Cells

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13
Q

Which cells produce new bone and secrete osteoid?

A

Osteoblasts

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14
Q

What is a mature osteoblast called?

A

Osteocyte

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15
Q

What is the function of an osteocyte?

A

To maintain the connective tissue matrix in the bone

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16
Q

Where are osteocytes located?

A

Lacunae

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17
Q

What does Lacunae mean?

A

Nest

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18
Q

What is the function of an osteoclast?

A

Removes mineral from the matrix Bone remodelling

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19
Q

What is a mature osteogenic stem cell known as?

A

Osteoblast

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20
Q

Where are osteogenic stem cells found?

A

Perisoteum Endosteum

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21
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

Compact (hard, on surface) Cancellous (spongy, interior)

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22
Q

What are the component parts of a haversian system? (BLOC)

A

Blood vessels Lamallae Osteocytes in lacunae Canaliculi

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23
Q

What is another name for haversian system?

A

Osteon

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24
Q

What are the different types of lamellae? (ICC)

A

Interstitial Circumferential Concentric

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25
What is a Canal of Volkman?
Space through which blood vessels interconnect between the individual osteons.
26
What is the benefit of osteons aligning in the same direction?
Increases unidirectional strength
27
What is lamellae?
A sheet like structure present in
28
What is the name given to the structures in cancellous bone that give rise to the spongy appearance?
Trabeculae (small beams)
29
What is contained in the spaces between trabeculae?
Red or Yellow bone marrow
30
What type of tissue is red bone marrow?
Myeloid tissue
31
Why is red bone marrow described as Haemopoietic?
It is the site of blood cell production
32
What tissue type is yellow bone marrow?
Fatty tissue
33
Under what circumstances might YBM transform back to Haemopoietic RBM?
Severe Anaemia
34
What are the different categories of bone by shape? (FLIS)
Flat Long Short Irregular
35
What are the layers of a strong bone? (PEM)
Periosteum Endosteum Marrow Cavity
36
What are the parts of a long bone? (EMD)
Epiphysis Metaphysis Diaphysis
37
What is the Diaphysis?
Shaft of a long bone
38
What is the Epiphysis?
The very end of a long bone
39
What is the metaphysis?
The part of the long bone in between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
40
What are the correct terms for bone formation?
Ossification or osteogenesis
41
What are the two methods of bone formation?
Intramembranous Endochondral
42
How many stages does intramembranous ossification have?
Three
43
What are the first stage of intramembranous ossification?
Mesenchymal cells secrete osteoid. Calcification from deposition of calcium salts. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts
44
What is the second stage of intramembranous ossification?
Blood vessels grow into area to supply nutrients and oxygen
45
What is the third and final stage of intramembranous ossification?
Initially only cancellous bone but remodelling occurs and compact bone develops
46
Where does intramembranous ossification occur?
Flat bones Clavicle
47
How many stages are there to Endochondral ossification?
Six
48
What does Endochondral translate to?
Endo = inside Chondral = Cartilage
49
What is the first stage of EO?
Cartilage model laid down
50
What is the second stage of EO?
Outer cells differentiate into osteoblasts & Produce a thin outer collar of bone. Blood supply develops
51
What is the third stage of EO?
Cells in diaphysis differentiate into osteoblasts - primary ossification centre
52
What is the fourth stage of EO?
Osteoclasts erode centre of diaphysis to form the marrow cavity
53
What is the fifth stage of EO?
Secondary ossification centres develop in the epiphyses and epiphyseal cartilage replaced by bone
54
What is the sixth stage of EO?
Thin plate of cartilage remains at the metaphysis - epiphyseal plate
55
What happens at puberty to stimulate bone growth?
An increase in sex, growth and thyroid hormones
56
What is an open fracture otherwise known as?
Compound
57
What is a closed fracture otherwise known as?
Simple
58
What is a compound fracture otherwise known as?
Open
59
What is a simple fracture otherwise known as?
Closed
60
What are the 6 classifications of fracture by break?
Spiral Oblique Transverse Greenstick Linear Comminuted
61
Why is a comminuted fracture so bad?
Because the bone shatters
62
How many stages are their involved in bone healing?
four
63
What is the average minimum length of time a bone takes to heal from a fracture?
About 8 weeks
64
What is the first stage of bone healing?
Haematoma formation
65
What is the second stage of bone healing?
Area invaded by capillaries, fibroblasts, macrophages, osteoclasts & osteogenic cells. Soft Callus forms
66
What is the third stage of bone healing?
The soft callus hardens due to mineral deposition
67
What is fourth stage of bone healing?
Remodelling by osteoclasts
68
What is a haematoma?
A solid swelling of clotted blood in the tissues
69
What are the functional classification of joints? (SAD)
Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis
70
What are the structural classification of joints? (CFS)
Cartilaginous Fibrous Synovial
71
A joint with little or no movement is otherwise known as?
Synarthrosis
72
A slightly moveable joint eg intervertebral discs?
Amphiarthrosis
73
A freely moveable joint eg hip?
Diarthrosis
74
A joint where bones are held together by cartilage eg intervertebral discs?
Cartilaginous
75
A joint where bones are held together by collagenous fibres eg skull sutures
Fibrous
76
A joint where bones are separated by a joint cavity and enclosed in a fibrous capsule?
Synovial
77
What are the classifications of synovial joints?
Ball & Socket Hinge Gliding Pivot Ellipsoid Saddle
78
A shoulder joint is an example of what type of synovial joint?
Ball and socket
79
An elbow is an example of what type of synovial joint?
A hinge joint
80
A sternoclavicular joint is an example of what type of synovial joint?
A gliding joint
81
An atlantoaxial joint is what type of synovial joint?
Pivot
82
A radiocarpal is what type of synovial joint?
Ellipsoid
83
A thumb is what type of synovial joint?
Saddle
84
What movement occurs in a ball and socket joint?
Flexion and extension Abbduction and adduction circumduction rotation
85
What type of movement takes place at a hinge joint?
Flexion and extension
86
What type of movement occurs in a gliding joint?
Sliding
87
What type of movement takes place in a pivot joint?
Rotation
88
What type of movement takes place in a ellipsoid joint?
Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction
89
What type of movement takes place in a saddle joint?
Flexion and extension Adduction and abduction

Anatomy & Physiology (24 decks)

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