Canine Head

Question 1

Cephalic index

Answer 1

Dog cephalic index = 100 x skull width / skull length

Question 2

Different dog breed with different indexes

Answer 2

Dolichocephalic (grey hound)= below 50
Brachycephalic (frenchie)= over 100
Mesaticephalic= 50-100

Question 3

What are the palpable structures of the head?

Answer 3

Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
Zygomatic arch/ mandible
Sagittal and nuchal crest

Question 4

What are the superficial muscles of facial expression and what are they innervated by?

Answer 4

Mimetic muscles innervated by the facial nerve

Question 5

Mimetic muscles

Answer 5

Orbicularis oris
Obicularis oculi
Caninus
Buccinator
Levator Nasolabialis
Levator labii superioris

Question 6

Facial Nerve paralysis

Answer 6

Inability to close eye (obicularis occuli muscle)
Food in vestibule (buccinator m.)
Dropped ear (rostral and cd. auricular m.)

Question 7

Which muscles will close the jaw?

Answer 7

Temporalis, masseter, med. and lat. pterygoid m.
Mandibular n.

Question 8

Which muscle will open the jaw?

Answer 8

Digastricus m.
Cd. part innervated by the facial n.
Rostral part innervated by mandibular n.

Question 9

Dropped jaw

Answer 9

Mandibular nerve paralysis
Temporalis m. has a dent
Muscles that close the jaw are compromised

Question 10

Parotid salivary gland and lymph node

Answer 10

Parotid SG and duct opens against the upper 4th premolar
Parotid LN drains the super. structures dorsal to the palate

Question 11

Mandibular salivary gland and lymph node

Answer 11

SG opens at the sublingual caruncle
LN drains the super. structures and intermandibular space

Question 12

Sublingual salivary gland

Answer 12

Monostomatic opens at the sublingual caruncle
Polystomatic opens at the sublingual fold

Question 13

Zygomatic/ buccal salivary gland

Answer 13

SG opens against the upper 2nd molar

Question 14

Clinical consideration of the ranula and mucocele

Answer 14

Saliva leaks from a damaged salivary gland or duct and collects in the surrounding tissues
Ranula: Pathological dilatation of sublingual gland duct (oral floor)
Mucocele: Collection of mucoid surrounding tissues

Question 15

Keratoconjuctivitis sica

Answer 15

An eye condition characterized by dryness and tear insufficiency
Treatment: transposition of the parotid duct into the conjunctival sac to compensate for compromised tear production

Question 16

What are the 2 parts of the oral cavity?

Answer 16

Vestibule and oral cavity proper

Question 17

Vestibule

Answer 17

Between the lips/ cheeks and teeth/ gum

Question 18

Oral cavity proper

Answer 18

Between the dental arches
Dorsally: hard and soft palate
Ventrally: tongue and mucosa
Caudally: tongue, soft palate and palatoglossal arch

Question 19

Permanent dog dental formula

Answer 19

2x ( I 3/3 C1/1 P 4/4 and M2/3) =42

Question 20

Temporary dog dental formula and the last eruption

Answer 20

2x ( I 3/3 C1/1 P 3/3) = 28
Last eruption 6-8 months

Question 21

What is the sectorial/ shearing tooth?

Answer 21

Upper P4, lower M1

Question 22

Cat permanent dental formula

Answer 22

2x ( I 3/3 C1/1 P 3/2 and M1/1) =30

Question 23

Cat temporary dental formula

Answer 23

2x ( I 3/3 C1/1 P 3/2) =26

Question 24

Nerve block

Answer 24

Blocking palpebral branch of the auriculopalpebral nerve (facial) for an eye examination at the level of the zygomatic arch

Question 25

What procedures may require blocking the infraorbital (maxillary) nerve?

Answer 25

Minor procedures in the upper lip, canines and incisors teeth as it emerges from the infraorbital foramen

Question 26

What procedures may require blocking the mental (mandibular/ inferioralveolar) nerve?

Answer 26

Minor procedures in the lower lip, canines and incisors teeth

Question 27

What are the structures of the tongue?

Answer 27

Root, body, apex Mechanical papillae; filiform/ conical Fungiform, vallate and foliate (taste buds) Lyssa on the ventral surface

Question 28

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 28

Geniohyoideus Styloglossus Hypoglossus Genioglossus Moves the tongue and innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (C12)

Question 29

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 29

Runs longitudinally, transversely and vertically Stiffen the tongue

Question 30

Hypoglossal nerve injury

Answer 30

Paralysis of extrinsic and Ipsilateral muscles Inability to protrude tongue Tongue deviates towards the injured side

Question 31

What are the constrictors of the pharynx?

Answer 31

Pterygopharyngeus Palatopharyngeus Hyopharyngeus Thyropharyngeus Cricopharyngeus

Question 32

What is the pharynx dilator?

Answer 32

Stylopharyngeus

Question 33

Larynx

Answer 33

Voice box and prevents food from getting into the trachea Innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 34

Laryngeal vestibule

Answer 34

Extends from the entrance to the vocal fold

Question 35

Glottic Cleft

Answer 35

Rima glottidis Space between the vocal fold and the arytenoid cartilage

Question 36

What forms the glottis?

Answer 36

vestibule and glottic cleft

Question 37

What are the constrictors of the larynx?

Answer 37

Thyroarytenoideus Cricoarytenoideus lateralis

Question 38

What are the dilators of the larynx?

Answer 38

Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis Arytenoideus transversus

Question 39

What are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles innervated by?

Answer 39

Recurrent laryngeal n. (cd. laryngeal n.)

Question 40

What is the Cricothryroideus m. innervated by?

Answer 40

Cranial laryngeal n.

Question 41

Laryngeal Hemiplegia

Answer 41

Paralysis of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m. Leads to laxity in the vocal fold, narrower glottis and obstructed airways

Question 42

Epiglottic Entrapment

Answer 42

Brachycephalic airways syndrome in obsese large dogs Redundant mucous membrane tightens during swallowing, keeping the epiglottis permanently covered (entrapped) by the aryepiglottic fold

Question 43

Treatment for epiglottic entrapment

Answer 43

Through the axial transection of aryepiglottic fold using bistoury

Question 44

Where do the lymph nodes drain into?

Answer 44

Into the medial retropharyngeal LN that drains into the tracheal duct