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Veterinary Anatomy > Canine Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Canine Vertebral Column Flashcards

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1
Q

What is paresis?

A

Weakness
Less severe than paralysis

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2
Q

What are the functions of vertebral column?

A

Supports the body and maintain posture
Helps progression
Protects the spinal cord
Shields neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

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3
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Within the vertebral column
Transfers signals between the body and brain
6 spinal nerves

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4
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Unpaired, irregular bones
Number varies in species

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5
Q

How many vertebrae are in dogs and cats?

A

50+

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6
Q

What are the 5 regions of the vertebrae?

A
  1. Cervical (neck)
  2. Thoracic (back)
  3. Lumbar (loin)
  4. Sacral (croup)
  5. Caudal (tail)
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7
Q

Clinical significance of the cervical vertebrae

A

You can’t palpate the c. vertebrae because it’s located in the middle of the neck

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8
Q

Vertebral Column formula for the dog

A

C7/ T13/ L7/ S3/Cd20-23

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9
Q

Vertebral Column formula for the cat

A

C7/ T13/ L7 /S3/ Cd21-23

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10
Q

What are the two articulations of the typical vertebrae?

A
  1. Bodies: intervertebral disc
  2. Arches: synovial and plane
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11
Q

Clinical significance of the lamina of the typical vertebrae

A

Laminectomy (take out both lamina) or hemilectomy (one side) with herniated disc

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12
Q

What makes up the arch of the typical vertebrae?

A

Pedicle and lamina

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13
Q

What are the bones of the vertebrae?

A
  1. Body
  2. Arch
  3. Vertebral foramen/ canal
  4. Spine
  5. Transverse process
  6. Cranial and caudal articulate surfaces
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14
Q

What is the first cervical vertebrae?

A

Altas

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15
Q

Atlas

A

Palpable
No spine or body
Foveae (modified articular process)
Wings (shelf like transverse processes)

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16
Q

What is the second cervical vertebrae?

A

Axis

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17
Q

On the atlas what is palpable?

A

Wings

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18
Q

What comes out of the lateral vertebral foramen?

A

First cervical spinal nerve

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19
Q

What is the point of articulation of the atlas?

A

Atlantoccipital hinge joint (moves up and down)

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20
Q

Axis

A

Elongated ridge- like spine (P)
Body projects cranially (dens)
Cranial articular surface located in body

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21
Q

What does the dens of the axis form?

A

The atlantoaxial pivot joint (moves side to side)

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22
Q

Of the cervical vertebrae which ones are typical?

A

The remaining 5

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23
Q

What does the 7th vertebral column lack?

A

Transverse foramen and has the highest spine

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24
Q

What are the foramen of the vertebral column?

A

Lateral vertebral foramen (first cervical spinal nerve)
Transverse foramen (vertebral artery and vein)
Intervertebral foreman (spinal nerves and spinal blood)

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25
Vertebral surgical approach for slip disk
Ventral (easiest): skin —> sternocephal. —> sternothyoidius —> trachea —> esophagus—> Longus coli Lateral (second easiest) Dorsal (hardest)
26
Why is the dorsal the hardest vertebral surgical approach?
The esophagus sits dorsal to the trachea and it turns left when approaching the thorax
27
Thoracic vertebrae
13 Articulates with (13) ribs Cr. and cd. Costa foveae/ rib head Transverse fovea/ rib tubercle
28
What is the 11th thoracic vertebrae classified as?
Anticlinal, shortest and straight
29
Lumbar Vertebrae
Longer, uniform bodies Long transverse process Absence of costal facets Short cranially pointing spine
30
Sacrum
3 vertebrae fused at the spine (P) 4 foramina 1st (cranial foramen) and 2nd (ventral) sacral spinal nerves
31
Foramen of the sacral
Two pair of dorsal sacral Two pair of ventral sacral
32
What joint does the sacrum form?
The articular surface with the ilium forms the sacroiliac joint
33
Sacroiliac joint
Synovial/ fibrous joint Shock absorber Adds firmness
34
Caudal Vertebrae
Varies within species Average number is 20 They loose distinctive features as proceeds caudally
35
What are the two main types of the vertebral column?
Cartilaginous and synovial
36
What joints are apart of the cartilaginous vertebral column joints?
Intervertebral discs
37
What joints are synovial of the vertebral column?
Articular process (plane) Atlanto-occipital (hinge/ ginglymus) Atlanto-axial (pivot)
38
Intervertebral disks
A disc between all vertebrae in the neck, back and tail (except between the first 2 cervical vertebrae)
39
What are the two components of each intervertebral disks?
1. Outer thick portion, fibro-collagenous tissues (annulus fibrosus) 2. Gel-like mix and cartilage tissue center (nucleus pulposus)
40
Clinical significance of the intervertebral disks? (IVDD)
Nucleus pulposus degeneration --> a crack in the annulus fibrosis ---> nuclear content will shift upward (herniate) --> pinches spinal cord or root
41
Ligaments of the vertebral column
Nuchal ligament Yellow ligament Interspinous ligament Supraspinous ligament
42
Nuchal ligament
Absent in the cat Extends from spine of axis to T2
43
Yellow Ligament
Interaracuate/ flava Between the arches of the vertebrae
44
Interspinous ligament
Fills gap in the between the spine
45
Supraspinous ligament
Caudal continuation of nuchal ligament at the dorsal aspect of spinous processes Extends from T2 to sacrum
46
Ventral Longitudinal Ligament
Extends from the 8th thoracic vertebra to the sternum
47
Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament
Extends from the axis to the sacrum Well developed in the cervical region (thick)
48
Intercapital Ligament
Between rib head T2-T10 Adds extra support to annulus fibrosus so you won't see a herniated disc
49
Spinal Tap (clinical consideration)
Taking spinal fluid from these spaces: 1. Atlanto- occipital space 2. Atlnato- axial space 3. Lumbo- sacral space
50
What are the main medical conditions of the vertebral column?
Intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) Wobblers Syndrome Lumbosacral Stenosis
51
Intervertebral Disc Disease
Compression of spinal cord, blood vessels and or nerve roots
52
What are other names for IVDD?
Disc rupture, heriation, slipped disc (genetic mutation)
53
What breeds are affected by IVDD?
Chondrodystrophoid breeds (faulty development of the cartilage) Dachshunds, beagle, basset hound, poodles
54
What causes IVDD?
age, genetics, vigorous activity, or trauma
55
Where does the IVDD occur?
85% of conditions in the thoracolumbar 15% in neck area
56
Wobblers
Degenerative disorder Vertebral malformation --> narrowing of vertebral canal --> spinal cord/ nerve root compression (cervical)
57
What breeds does Wobblers affect?
Great Danes and Doberman pincher
58
What does wobblers affect?
Ataxia in rear limbs (affect coordination/ balance) Flexed neck
59
Lumbosacral Stenosis
Arthritic changes between L7 - sacrum Narrows the vertebral canal Nerve root compression
60
What is another name for Lumbosacral stenosis?
Cuada Equina Syndrome
61
What are the symptoms of Lumbosacral stenosis?
Severe pain (back and tail) Difficulty rising Urination incontinence Muscular paresis/ paralysis (lumbar sacral)
62
What are the medical treatment options for Lumbosacral stenosis?
In low grade pain and minor neurological deficits use anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, rest
63
What are the surgical treatment option for Lumbosacral stenosis?
For persistent and severe pain, difficulty standing and walking, remove disc material to relieve pressure
64
What are the decompressive surgeries?
Fenestration Ventral Slot Hemilaminectomy Dorsal laminectomy
65
Fenestration surgery
Cervical region Disk space is opened and the nucleus pulposus is removed without entering the spinal canal
66
Ventral Slot
Opens the vertebral column The spinal cord is approached ventrally through the bone, done only with cervical disk cases
67
Hemilaminectomy
Accessing the vertebral column Spinal cord is approached from the right or left side Performed with throacolumbar disk
68
Dorsal laminectomy
Doesn't happen often Spinal cord is approached dorsally Performed in some cases of cervical thoracolumbar and lumbar disk cases
69
What does a typical rib (costae) have?
Typical rib: head, tuberculum and body
70
Where does the head of the rib articulate?
With costal foveae of 2 successive vertebrae
71
Where does the tubercle of the rib articulate?
With the transverse costal foveae
72
How many ribs are there?
13 pairs
73
What ribs articulate with the sternum?
the first 9 ribs
74
What ribs form the costal arch?
10th, 11th and 12th
75
Which rib is the floating rib?
The 13th
76
Sternum
8 unpaired segments (sternabrae) Intersternebral cartilages
77
What is the first sterabra?
manubrium
78
What is the last sternabra?
Xiphoid
79
What are the joints of the thorax?
1. costo-vertebral (ball and socket)- head of rib to vertebral demifacets 2. costo-transverse (plane)- tuberle of rib to transverse process of thoracic vertebrae 3. costo-sternal (synovial hinge)- sternum segments 4. intersternal (cartilagenous)
80
Epaxial Muscles
Located dorsal tot he trunk above the transverse process of vertebrae A: extend vertebral column
81
What are the 3 regions of the epaxial muscles?
1. Iliocostalis (lumborum and thoracis) 2. Longissimus (lumborum, thoracis and capitis and cervicis) 3. Transversopinalis (splenius and semispinalis muscles)
82
Hypaxial muscles
Located ventral to the trunk, below the transverse process of the vertebrae Two types: neck and thoracic wall A: Flex the vertebral column
83
Neck muscles of hypaxial
Longus capitis Longus coli Sternocephal. Sternothyroideus Sternohyoideus
84
Thoracic Wall
Scalenus Serratus ventralis Serratus dorsalis (cranialis and caudalis) Enternal intercostal Internal inercostal Rectus thoracis

Veterinary Anatomy (19 decks)

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