Myology

Question 1

Functions of the skeletal muscle

Answer 1

Movement
Posture

Question 2

What does stimulation do?

Answer 2

Maintains a state of muscle contraction “tonus” for movement of blood and lymph

Question 3

What is the function of stabilizing joints?

Answer 3

Prevents unwanted movements

Question 4

How do skeletal muscles maintain posture?

Answer 4

By stabilizing the flexible muscles

Question 5

Certain muscles work in opposition to ______

Answer 5

Gravity

Question 5

Certain muscles work in opposition to ______

Answer 5

Gravity

Question 6

Examples of movements of body contents

Answer 6

Respiration
Circulation
Alimentation
Child Birth
Indication of emotional states

Question 7

Alimentation

Answer 7

Digestion– GI tract, defecation and urination

Question 8

Functions of Muscles

Answer 8

Movements of body contents
maintain continence
Generates heat by shivering

Question 9

Homeostasis

Answer 9

Maintain proper body function with proper environment
EX: enzymes need to function

Question 10

Where is the term muscle derived from?

Answer 10

“mus” or “mys” for mouse

Question 11

Muscle is classfied as a __________

Answer 11

Specialized connective Tissue

Question 12

What is each muscle composed of?

Answer 12

Skeletal muscle tissue, CT and nervous tissue

Question 13

Why do muscles contract?

Answer 13

To produce body movement in response to nerves or hormone stimulation

Question 14

What are the 3 types of muscles

Answer 14

Smooth, cardiac and skeletal

Question 15

Smooth Muscle

Answer 15

Not striated
Associated with viscera
Ex: arrector pili m. and detrusor m.

Question 16

Cardiac Muscles

Answer 16

Striated
The heart (myocardium) and the bases of the major vessels

Question 17

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 17

Striated
Generally attached to bone
Usually under voluntary control

Question 18

Denervation Atrophy

Answer 18

The absence of a functional nerve supply
The muscle will not attract

Question 19

Motor Unit

Answer 19

The neuron plus the muscle fiber it innervates

Question 20

How does a muscle produce a stronger contraction?

Answer 20

The nervous system activates more motor units

Question 21

How much of the body does the carcass takes up?

Answer 21

50% of the body

Question 22

Where are most skeletal muscles attached?

Answer 22

the bone

Question 23

What other places are skeletal muscles attached to?

Answer 23

The pharynx, skin and the esophagus
EX: cutaneous trunci

Question 24

Formation of the muscle:

Answer 24

Fiber --> Fascicles (bundles)--> muscle

Question 25

What is the binding substance within muscles?

Answer 25

Loose CT

Question 26

Myofiber

Answer 26

Muscle cell

Question 27

Endomysium

Answer 27

Small amounts of loose CT surrounding individual muscle fiber

Question 28

Fascicle bundle

Answer 28

groups of muscle fibers

Question 29

Perimysium

Answer 29

Loose CT surrounding muscle fascicles

Question 30

Epimysium

Answer 30

Loose or dense CT surround an entire muscle

Question 31

Skeletal Muscle structure

Answer 31

CT merges at the end of the muscle "belly" to form the tendon (dense regular connective tissue- attach to bone)

Question 32

What is the importance of these CT arrangements

Answer 32

To make sure they all contract simultaneously

Question 33

Joints of the Forelimb

Answer 33

Synsarcosis Shoulder Elbow Carpus Fetlock Digital

Question 34

Agonist

Answer 34

Prime movers Principal muscles executing the particular joint movement Ex: triceps brachii (elbow)

Question 35

Where does the agonist exert its action?

Answer 35

Distal Joint

Question 36

Antagonist

Answer 36

Actively opposing the prime mover Maintains some tension on a joint and limits the range of the agonist

Question 37

Synergists

Answer 37

Assists the prime mover Doesn't facilitate or oppose a movement

Question 38

Fixators

Answer 38

It prevents the bone from moving Stabilizes joints rather than promoting movement Ex: biceps brachii (elbow)

Question 39

How do you name different muscles?

Answer 39

Attachments Shape Size Function Location/ position Number of heads Number of bellies

Question 40

Tendons

Answer 40

Accessory structures Low metabolic activity (poorly vascularized) Attaches muscle to bone Dense regular connective tissue

Question 41

When can the tendon be damaged?

Answer 41

Damaged by excessive pressure or friction and when change direction over bony prominences

Question 42

Where does the tendon attach the muscle?

Answer 42

To the periosteum of the bone

Question 43

Aponeurosis

Answer 43

Broad, flat tendon sheet-like union

Question 44

Bursa

Answer 44

Fluid-filled cushions at danger sites

Question 45

Bursa synovialis

Answer 45

Small fluid-filled sacs located between tendons and stress points

Question 46

Tendon Sheath

Answer 46

Fluid filled cylinders surrounding tendons over stress points

Question 47

Where is inflammation in the tendon common?

Answer 47

Inflammation of synovial bursae and sheath is common Occur where they are required

Question 48

Retinaculum

Answer 48

Accessory structure Condensed deep fascia over carpus or tarsus Prevents webbing

Question 49

Annular Ligaments

Answer 49

Condensed deep fascia over the digits

Question 50

What are the forms of protection for tendons?

Answer 50

Sesamoid bones and patella

Question 51

Sesamoid bones

Answer 51

Ossification of cartilage in tendons for extra strength at stress points Moves tendon away from axis

Question 52

Patella

Answer 52

Prevents wear and displaces tendon from axis of joint

Question 53

Lipomas

Answer 53

Palpable from skin surface Abnormal aggregates of normal fat with capsule around Not life threatening

Question 54

Infiltrate lipoma

Answer 54

Unencapsulated fatty tumor Deeply attached to muscle fascia

Question 55

Palpable featrures

Answer 55

Tendon of origin of biceps Deltoid tuberosity Superficial cervical L. node Axillary L. node