Syndesmology

Question 1

Joints

Answer 1

Articulate the bones together
Unite the bones firmly and allows movement

Question 2

What are the 2 types of joints?

Answer 2

Conventional
Unconventional (synsarcosis)

Question 3

Conventional Joints include

Answer 3

Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 4

Synsarcosis

Answer 4

The only type of unconventional joint
Articulation through muscles
Located at the girdle muscles (pelvic and pectoral girdles)

Question 5

Fibrous Joint

Answer 5

No joint space (not highly moving)
Bones united through dense CT
EX: Sutures (skull), gomphosis (tooth bony socket), syndesmoses bones

Question 6

Syndesomoses

Answer 6

Fibrous Joint
Syndesmoses bones joined through CT ligament
Distal articulation between the radius and the ulna

Question 7

Cartilaginous Joint/ Synchondroses

Answer 7

Conventional joint
No joint space
Bones united through cartilage

Question 8

Which bodies of vertebrae aren’t classified as synchondroses joints?

Answer 8

Atlas and axial

Question 9

Examples of cartilaginous joints

Answer 9

1. Diaphysis/ epiphysis
2. bodies of vertebrae
3. pelvic symphysis

Question 10

Synovial Joints

Answer 10

Conventional Joints
Highly mobile
Joint cavity and articulate cartilage between bones
Outer layer: collateral ligaments

Question 11

Which joints give vets the most problems?

Answer 11

Synovial Joints

Question 12

Examples of synovial joints

Answer 12

1. Pivot (atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar)
2. condylar (femorotibial)
3. hinge (elbow)
4. Ellipsoidal (radiocarpal)
5. Saddle (interphalangeal)
   6.spheroidal (hip,shoulder)

Question 13

Where are bone injections given?

Answer 13

Joint Cavity
But can also be used for synovial synthesis

Question 14

Joint Cavity

Answer 14

Made up of:
Articular cartilage (smooth cartilage that allows gliding of bones)
Synovial membrane (middle between bones)

Question 15

Joint Capsule

Answer 15

Made up of articular cartilage, fibrous capsule, ligaments, and the synovial membrane

Question 16

Synovial membrane

Answer 16

Contain synovial secretion cells that secrete synovial fluid, making it a lubricant, and facilitating a smooth joint movement

Question 17

Order of joints in the Thoracic limb

Answer 17

Syncarcosis, shoulder, elbow, carpal, digit

Question 18

Shoulder Joint

Answer 18

Synovial/ spherical joint
links the scapular glenoid cavity to the humerus head
Range of motion: rotation, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Question 19

______ acts as collateral ligaments and add support the shoulder joint.

Answer 19

Tendons

Question 20

What is another word for dislocation?

Answer 20

Luxation

Question 21

Subluxation

Answer 21

Partial dislocation

Question 22

Why are shoulder joint dislocations rare?

Answer 22

Because it’s well protected with good support unless there is a severe trauma

Question 23

What are the two ways to protect tendons?

Answer 23

1. Tendon sheath
2. Sesamoid bone

Question 24

What are mainly affected by Biceps Tenosynovitis?

Answer 24

Large breeds because they grow fast and exceeds development

Question 25

What causes Biceps Tenosynovitis

Answer 25

Exercise and stress

Question 26

Bicipital Tenosynovitis

Answer 26

Inflammation of the biceps tendon surrounding synovial sheath

Question 27

Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)

Answer 27

Faulty development of the joint

Question 28

Osteochondrosis Dissecans (OCD)

Answer 28

Faulty development of the cartilage (abnormal endochondral ossification) Erosion of the articular cartilage of the head of the humerus Cases Arthritis

Question 29

What happens during Osteochondrosis Dissecans (OCD)

Answer 29

A piece of cartilage becomes partially or fully detached from the surface of the bone and floating in synovial fluid

Question 30

Shoulder Joint Clinical Considerations

Answer 30

Luxation and subluxation Degenerative Joint Disease Osteochondrosis Dissecans Biceps Tenosynovitis Arthritis

Question 31

What type of joint is between the humerus and the radius/ ulna?

Answer 31

Hinge Joint

Question 32

Composite Joint

Answer 32

Two joints within the same capsule Joints with more than one level of articulation EX: Elbow, carpal, stifle joint

Question 33

What type of joint is between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna?

Answer 33

Pivot Joint

Question 34

Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process of the Ulna (FMCP)

Answer 34

Developmental defect Each bone (humerus, ulna, radius) develops by itself with it's own ossification center --> all bones come together and attach to the ulna for complete ossification --> sometimes the medial coronoid process fails to ossify or become untied leading to FMCP --> then piece of cartilage is floating FAILURE OF MEDIAL CORONOID PROCESS TO ATTACH TO THE ULNA Leads to arthritis

Question 35

Ununited Anconeal Process (UAP)

Answer 35

Developmental defect The anconeal process fails to ossify, it becomes detached and irritate the joint cavity

Question 36

What is the clinical consideration of the elbow joint

Answer 36

Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process Ununited anconeal Process Elbow dislocation

Question 37

Elbow dislocation

Answer 37

No weight bearing lameness Caused by severe trauma Carrying the elbow flexed Uncommon

Question 38

Levels of articulation of the carpal joints:

Answer 38

(3) 1. Antebrachio carpal share the same joint cavity 2. Midcarpal 3. Carpometacarpal

Question 39

How many injections would the carpal joint get?

Answer 39

2, one at the antebrachio carpal and one at the midcarpal and carpometacarpal

Question 40

Significance of the Midcarpal and Carpometacarpal

Answer 40

Joint cavities are interconnected and communicate with each other

Question 41

Clinical consideration of the carpus:

Answer 41

Hyperflexion deformity Dislocation of the carpus

Question 42

Hyperflexion Deformity

Answer 42

Seen in puppies Paws knuckled under Condition improves on its own within weeks

Question 43

Dislocation of the Carpus

Answer 43

Caused by trauma Can affect all 3 joints AKA Hyperextension

Question 44

Normal Hip Joint has:

Answer 44

1. Dorsal spine of ilium 2. Greater Trochanter 3. Tuber Isheii Symmetric, if not probably hip dysplasia

Question 45

Hip Joint Clinical Considerations

Answer 45

Pelvic Fractures Dislocation of the pelvis Hip Dysplasia

Question 46

Hip Dysplasia

Answer 46

Shallow acetabulum or flattened femoral head Pain swelling and crippling

Question 47

What cases Hip Dysplasia?

Answer 47

Genetics, nutrition and excessive exercise

Question 48

Dislocated hip

Answer 48

Caused by trauma Head of the femur pops out of the acetabulum tearing the ligaments Radiographs confirm diagnosis

Question 49

Stifle Joint articulations

Answer 49

1. femorotibial 2. femoropatellar 3. proximal tibiofibular

Question 50

Ligaments in the stifle joint

Answer 50

Medial and lateral collateral, and cruciate ligaments

Question 51

Stifle Joint clinical considerations

Answer 51

Cranial/ caudal cruciate ligament injuries Patellar luxation Stifle dislocation

Question 52

Cranial// caudal cruciate ligament injuries

Answer 52

Torn CCL allows the tibia to slide forward and causes menisci damage Lameness, pain Surgery All breeds

Question 53

Patellar Luxation

Answer 53

Dislocated knee cap causes by trauma Graded I-IV Arthritis is a common consequence Surgery

Question 54

In Patellar Luxation, the patella is usually dislocated ______ in small breeds

Answer 54

medially

Question 55

In Patellar Luxation, the patella is usually dislocated ______ in large breeds

Answer 55

Laterally

Question 56

Stifle Dislocation

Answer 56

Serious problem (for board certified/ well trained vets) Severe damage to joints, bones, ligaments and tissues Radiograph needed Reconstructive Surgery

Question 57

Joints of the hind paw

Answer 57

Crurotarsal Prox. and distal intertarsal Tarsometatarsal

Question 58

Tarsal Joint Dislocation

Answer 58

Traumatic Injury Ligaments damage and bones fractures Surgery