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Veterinary Anatomy > The Thorax > Flashcards

The Thorax Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Why can you use S/C infusion to correct dehydration?

A

Because the skin is loosely attached, it’s suitable for large volume of fluid

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2
Q

Position of the shoulder joint

A

Lies opposite of the ventral end of the 1st rib

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3
Q

What is the site for bone marrow biopsies?

A

The sternum, long bones and iliac crest

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4
Q

What is the common site for surgically entering the thoracic cavity?

A

The left 4th intercostal space

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5
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Capula pleurae injured at the base of the neck and causes lung collapse

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6
Q

Line of pleural reflection

A

The junction between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae
From 8th-9th costochondral junction to last rib

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7
Q

Thoracocentesis of the dog

A

Aspiration of fluid from pleural cavity
7th or 8th intercostal space (costodiaphragmatic recess)

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8
Q

What space is for the cat for thoracocentesis?

A

8th intercostal space

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9
Q

Clinical significance of the lung projection on the lateral thoracic wall?

A

A triangular field for auscultation or percussion

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10
Q

Triangular field of lung projection

A
  1. Cranial: 5th rib
  2. Dorsal: lateral margin of the back muscles
  3. Basal/ caudoventral: costocondral junction of the 6th rib to the 11th rib
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11
Q

Diaphragmatic hernia

A

Common due to trauma of traffic accidents

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12
Q

Chylothorax

A

Due to rupture of the thoracic duct
Extra fluid in the pleural space will affect the ability of a lung to fill with air

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13
Q

_______% of the air flow is attributed to the diaphragm

A

70%

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14
Q

What is normal respiration always accompanied by?

A

Contraction of the diaphragm

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15
Q

What are the 2 parts of the respiratory system?

A

Non-collapsible tubes for air conduction
Lungs for gas exchange

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16
Q

What does the tubes system do?

A

Expels the CO2 upon expiration and collects oxygen upon inspiration

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17
Q

How is the respiratory system divided?

A

Upper respiratory system: cranial to the thoracic inlet
Lower respiratory system: caudal to the thoracic inlet

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18
Q

What are the body parts of the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose
Nasal Cavities
Nasopharynx
Common pharynx
larynx
Trachea

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19
Q

Nasal Cavities

A

Bony folds covered with mucous membranes (conchae) that cause turbulence in the inspired air

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20
Q

Significance of the nasal cavities?

A

So the air will contact its mucous membranes that filter and regulate its hydration and temperature

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21
Q

Panting

A

Mouth breathing
Helps cool the body
Also done when suffering from a disease

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22
Q

How do the nasal cavities connect to the nasopharynx?

A

The internal nares (choanae)

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23
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Acts as the chief organ of phonation and serves as the gateway to the trachea

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24
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

35 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage

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25
When does the trachea contract?
In response to vagal nerve fibers within the recurrent laryngeal nerves
26
What is the inner aspect of the tracheal rings lined with?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar and goblet cells
27
How is the thoracic inlet bounded?
Dorsally: first thoracic vertebra Ventrally: manubrium Collaterally: the first ribs
28
What body parts does the lower respiratory system have?
Trachea Bronchi Lungs
29
How is each lung separated from each other?
The mediastinum
30
What are the two branches of the bronchi?
Left and right principal bronchi
31
How does the left principal bronchi divide?
Cranial and caudal lobar bronchi
32
How does the right principal bronchus divide?
Cranial, middle, caudal and accessory
33
Bronchioles
Airways 1 diameter or less Each ones supplies a lobule of lung Glandular and non-cartilaginous Alveoli in walls
34
Aveoli
Smallest collective unit of lung tissue
35
Where does gas exchange occur?
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sac Alveoli
36
What do the left and right pulmonary arteries do?
Feed the lungs with unoxygenated blood being sent there for gas exchange
37
What does the pulmonary veins do at the level of the capillary network?
Return the oxygen rich blood, draining via large branches into the left atrium
38
Position of lobar pulmonary arteries and veins in relation to the lobar bronchi
Cranial or or lateral (arteries) Ventral and medial (veins)
39
When are the pulmonary arteries and veins individually located, dissected, ligated and severed?
During pulmonary lobectomy
40
How is nutrients supplied to the lung?
Bronchial arteries from the bronchoesophageal arteries
41
Bronchial lymph center
Main lymph node center concerned with bronchi and lungs Tracheobronchial and pulmonary lymph nodes and associated ducts
42
Lymphatic drainage from the lungs
Filters through pulmonary --> tracheobronchial lymph nodes --> thoracic duct or sternal lymph nodes --> right lymphatic duct
43
How is motor innervation to the lung?
Autonomic
44
What do the sympatheitc nerves cause?
Bronchodilation via B2 receptors
45
What do parasympathetic terminals of the vagus cause?
Bronchodilation via muscarinic cholinergic receptors
46
What do sensory fibers of the vagus nerve do?
Give stretch receptors in the bronchi and bronchioles to inhibit further inspiration and prevent overstretching of the lung
47
Coelom
Large cavity within the trunk Divided into cranial thoracic, caudal abdominal, and pelvic cavities Normally empty
48
What is the cranial thoracic cavity of the coelum lined with?
Endothroacic fascia
49
What is the caudal abdominal and pelvic cavities of the coelom lined with?
Transversalis fascia
50
Pleura
Thoracic cavity containing different body organs within the bony thorax Stretch receptors for regulation of respiration 2 pleural cavities
51
Parietal pleura
Serous layer lining the walls of cavities Costal (ribs), diaphragmatic (diaphragm) and mediastinal (sternum)
52
Visceral pleura
Pleura that covers the lungs Also called pulmonary
53
Pulmonary ligament
Formed by connecting pleura In thoracic surgery, this must be cut to reflect the caudal lobe cranially
54
Where is negative pressure maintained?
Within the thoracic cavity outside the lung As muscles expand the body thorax, this causes the pressure to drop
55
Muscles of inspiration
Expanding the thoracic cavity Diaphragm, external intercostal, scalenus, rectus thoracic, serratus ventralis, serratus dorsalis cranialis
56
What muscles decrease the thoracic capacity?
Ex. abdominal oblique In. abdominal oblique Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis
57
What muscles decrease the thoracic cavity?
Internal intercostal Rectus abdominis
58
What are the 3 functions of the respiratory system?
Ventilation (external) Gas exchange (external) Oxygen utilization
59
What are the soft tissues of the thoracic inlet?
Trachea Great vessels Nerves Esophagus Lymph nodes
60
What is contained within the bony thorax?
13 thoracic vertebra dorsally 13 pairs of ribs (costal arch) 13th rib (floating rib) 8 sternebrae
61
What are the functions of the bony thorax?
Protection RBC production by sternum and ribs Expiration
62
Thoracic outlet
Last thoracic vertebra Last ribs (10-13) Coastal arch and xiphpoid sternum Diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
63
What are the intercostal arteries?
Two sets: dorsal and ventral intercostal arteries (12 on each side)
64
Where does the dorsal intercostal artery come from?
Aorta
65
Where does the ventral intercostal artery come from?
Internal thoracic artery
66
How do the intercostal veins run?
Dorsal to azygous vein Ventral to the internal thoracic vein
67
How is the CNS connected to the body?
By peripheral nerves (sensory and motor)
68
What is a typical spinal nerve composed of?
Dorsal root (sensory)- spinal ganglion, afferent fibers Ventral root (motor)- efferent and autonomous fibers
69
What forms the spinal nerve?
Dorsal and ventral root within the vertebral canal
70
What is the function of the coelom?
Produce adhesions among organs to move freely relative to one another
71
Pericardium
Pericardial cavity Within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity Visceral pericardium= epicardium
72
Peritoneum
Abdominal cavity
73
Clinical consideration of the pleura
Hemothorax Hydrothorax Pyothorax Pneaumothorax Chylothorax
74
Clinical consideration of the cardiac notch
Space between the cr, and medial node of the right lung Where you inject meds during euthanasia Cardiac puntcure
75
What is the lung in greek and latin?
Pulmo= greek pneumon = latin
76
Pulmonitis and pneumonia
Inflammation of the lung
77
Internal gas exchange
Exchange of gas between blood and other tissues

Veterinary Anatomy (19 decks)

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