Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Transportation (respiratory, nutrients, excretory)
Protection
Regulation
Blood-vascular system

Question 2

What makes up the blood vascular system ?

Answer 2

Heart
Arterial circulation
Venous circulation
Lymphatic circulation

Question 3

Heart

Answer 3

4-chambered
Pair of atria in the craniodorsal portion
Pair of ventricles in the caudoventral position
Base and Apex

Question 4

Where does the heart lie?

Answer 4

Between 3rd- 6th ribs

Question 5

What structures are lateral to the heart?

Answer 5

Chest wall
Lungs
Phrenic nerve

Question 6

What structures are cranial to the heart?

Answer 6

Thymus
Lungs

Question 7

What structures are caudal to the heart?

Answer 7

Diaphragm
Liver
Stomach
Abdominal viscera

Question 8

Coronary groove/ sulcus

Answer 8

Separates the thin walled atria from the ventricles

Question 9

Annulus Fibrosis

Answer 9

Fibrous skeleton
Separates atria and ventricles physically and physiologically so they won’t contract at the same time
Separates and anchors the valves

Question 10

What may the annulus fibrosis do in cows?

Answer 10

May ossify to give os cordis

Question 11

Lymphatic system

Answer 11

Lymph vessels and lymph nodes (filters) necessary for balance of fluid flow

Question 12

Arteries

Answer 12

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart toward a tissue mass

Question 13

Arterioles

Answer 13

Arteries branching until reaching sizes less than 100 um or less in diameter

Question 14

Capillaries

Answer 14

Arteries that branch until they are 10 um or less
Where gases, nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the bloodstream and tissue cells

Question 15

Venules

Answer 15

Leave the capillary beds and connect to veins

Question 16

Intima

Answer 16

Inner surface of the vessel

Question 17

What is venous circulation maintained by?

Answer 17

Negative pressure

Question 18

What are the superficial/ palpable lymph nodes in dogs ?

Answer 18

Mandibular
Superficial cervical
Axillary
Superficial inguinal
Popliteal

Question 19

Pumps of the heart

Answer 19

Somatic (left, high pressure)
Pulmonary pump (right, low pressure)

Question 20

Blood circulation

Answer 20

1. Cr. and cd. vena cava takes unoxygenated blood
2. Right atrium receives blood and sends it though the AV (tricuspid) valve
3. Right ventricle receives, pumps it’s through pulmonic valve
4. Pulmonary trunk receives and gives to lungs via r. and l. arteries
5. L. atrium gets blood from lungs via pulmonary veins
6. L. AV valve sends blood to l. ventricle
7. L. ventricle pumps blood through aortic valve
8. Aorta receives sends blood to body

Question 21

What is blood flow dependent on?

Answer 21

Right and left AV valves
Pulmonic and Aortic valves

Question 22

Why do atrioventricular valves close?

Answer 22

Closes to prevent back flow of blood into the atria upon systole (contraction)

Question 23

Why do atrioventricular valves open?

Answer 23

To allow blood entering the atria to splash downward into the ventricles to fill them during diastole (relaxation)

Question 24

What are the 3 subcompartments of the right atrium?

Answer 24

Sinus venarum cavarum
Right auricle
Coronary sinus

Question 25

Coronary Sinus

Answer 25

Point where all great coronary venous circulation terminates (Hole cd. Of heart)

Question 26

Fossa ovalis

Answer 26

Adult remnant of fetal foramen ovale (Shallow hole, not really seen)

Question 27

What makes up the right ventricle

Answer 27

Papillary muscles Chordinae tendinae Trabeculae septomarginalis Trabeculae carnae

Question 28

Conus arteriosus

Answer 28

Empties via pulmonic valve into pulmonary trunk (Space my pulmonary valve)

Question 29

What does the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles so?

Answer 29

The contract during systole and keep AV valves from averting into the atria when they close

Question 30

Coronary Circulation

Answer 30

Circulation of blood in blood vessels that supply the heart Heart feeds itself first 15% of output

Question 31

Heart characteristics

Answer 31

Striated Actin and myosin Centrally located nuclei Branched fibers Involuntary (autonomic)

Question 32

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to the heart?

Answer 32

Speeds up the heart rate and increase contractile force (parasympathetic is opposite)

Question 33

Purkinje system

Answer 33

Makes up conduction system of heart Increased sodium permeability Initiates it’s own contraction and intervals

Question 34

Sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

Answer 34

Initiation center Located in r. atrial wall Most sodium-permeable Fires first

Question 35

What are the first branches of the aorta

Answer 35

L. and r. coronary arteries

Question 36

Why are the 3 branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 36

Paraconal Circumflex Subsinosal

Question 37

Great cardiac vein

Answer 37

Opens into r. atrium via coronary sinus

Question 38

Thebesian foramen

Answer 38

Lesser veins Open directly into all 4 heart chambers

Question 39

Coronary by-pass surgery

Answer 39

Corrects blocked vessels

Question 40

Prosthesis of a saphenous vein

Answer 40

Grafted to ascending aorta and distal to the clogged artery

Question 41

Layers of the fibroserous membranes of the heart (out to in)

Answer 41

1. Pericardial parietal pleura 2. Fibrous pericardium 3. Parietal serous pericardium 4. Epicardium

Question 42

What does the pericardial cavity house?

Answer 42

1 cc of pericardial fluid

Question 43

Pericardial sac layers (out to in)

Answer 43

1. Pericardial pleura 2. Fibrous pericardium 3. Parietal serous pericardium

Question 44

ECG

Answer 44

Evaluates the electrical flow of cardiac conduction system and the efficiency of atrial ventricular contraction

Question 45

Cardiac Auscultation

Answer 45

Puncta maxima (PMI) Maximal points of intensity for auscultation of the heart valves over the thoracic wall

Question 46

Cardiac auscultation location for left chest

Answer 46

PAM 345 1. Pulmonic valve: 3rd space @ costochondral junction 2. Aortic valve: 4th space @ shoulder 3. Left AV: 5th space along sternal border

Question 47

Cardiac auscultation location for right chest

Answer 47

PAM 345 R4 Right AV: 4th space above costochondral junction

Question 48

Placenta

Answer 48

Where the mother provides baby with gas exchange, nutrients and takes care of waste products Classified as zonary

Question 49

Hepatic-Portal Circulation

Answer 49

Venous drainage from the digestive viscera which enter the liver Blood filters and re-enter the systemic circulation

Question 50

Blood from the gut area

Answer 50

Goes in the portal vein to the liver to be filtered and if the toxin is not removed it's not good blood

Question 51

What are the 2 capillary sets for portal circulation?

Answer 51

Villi (GI) Sinusoid (liver)

Question 52

What has the closest exchange to humans?

Answer 52

Primates

Question 53

What are the 3 layers of the placenta?

Answer 53

Choroid Allantois Amnion

Question 54

Fetal Circulation

Answer 54

1. Oxygen and nutrient rich blood enter fetal body via umbilical veins 2. @ liver umbilical vein passes through parenchyma as ductus venous 3. Blood enters cd. vena cava and travels to r. atrium 4. 60% passing foramen ovale into l. atrium, 40% into r. ventricle 5. Through FO into l. atrium --> to l. ventricle -> ascending aorta 5. R. ventricle blood is ejected passing ductus arteriosus --> descending aorta

Question 55

Fetus circulation remnants

Answer 55

1. Umbilical vein: round ligament of liver 2. Ductus venosus: ligamentum venosum 3. Foramen ovale: Fossa Ovalis 4.Ductus arteriosus: ligamentum arteriosum 5. Umbilival arteries: round ligament of the bladder

Question 56

Ampulla

Answer 56

Site for fertilization

Question 57

Isthmus

Answer 57

Conveys the embryo to the uterus

Question 58

Uretotubal junction

Answer 58

Papilla