Carbohydrates Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
(CH2O)n is the molecular formula for what classification of carbohydrate?
A
monosaccharides
2
Q
For monosaccharides, n= ___ or more in the formula
A
3
3
Q
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose are examples of what?
A
monosaccharides
4
Q
what class of carbohydrates consist of 2-10 monosaccharides?
A
oligosaccharides
5
Q
sucrose, lactose, and maltose are examples of what?
A
oligosaccharides
6
Q
what classification of carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides that consist of hundreds-thousands of monosaccharide units linked?
A
polysacchardides
7
Q
what classification of carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides that consist of hundreds-thousands of monosaccharide units linked?
A
polysaccharides
8
Q
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin are examples of what?
A
polysaccharides
9
Q
what are the two types of starch?
A
amylose, amylopectin
10
Q
what is the most abundant natural polymer?
A
cellulose
11
Q
what is the second most abundant natural polymer?
A
chitin
12
Q
what polysaccharide is glucose storage in plants?
A
starch
13
Q
what polysaccharide is glucose storage in animals?
A
glycogen
14
Q
what polysaccharide is the structure of wood and cotton?
A
cellulose
15
Q
what polysaccharide is the exoskeleton of sea animals?
A
chitin
16
Q
polysaccharides may be ____ or ____ polymers
A
linear, branched
17
Q
____ consist of 2 monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond
A
disaccharides
18
Q
monosaccharides are naturally found in what form?
A
dextro (d)
19
Q
_____ is table sugar
A
sucrose
20
Q
____ is composed of glucose and fructose
A
sucrose
21
Q
sucrose is hydrolyzed by what enzyme in what body part?
A
sucrase, intestine
22
Q
____ is milk sugar
A
lactose
23
Q
___ is made up of galactose and glucose
A
lactose
24
Q
Lactose is hydrolyzed by ____ enzyme ____
A
intenstinal, lactase
25
_____ is malt sugar produced in germinating barley
maltose
26
____ is also produced from starch by amylase enzymes
maltose
27
_____ is made of 2 glucose units with a1-4 linkage
maltose
28
pyran is the base structure for what two monosaccharides?
glucose, galactose
29
The OH on C4 points ____ in galactose
up
30
The OH on C4 points ____ in glucose
down
31
most naturally occurring glucose is what type of structure?
ring
32
In beta formation, the OH group on C1 is _____
up
33
In alpha formation, the OH group on C1 is ____
down
34
Alpha linkages produce _____, which is ____ broken
starch, easily
35
Beta linkages produce ____, which is _____ to human
cellulose, indigestible
36
The _____ of alpha and beta linkages are similar
properties
37
____ is obtained by the chemical breakdown of cellulose
cellobiose
38
_____ is obtained by the chemical breakdown of polysaccharides such as bacterial dextrans
isomaltose
39
Are glucose and galactose most often found in chair or boat conformation?
chair
40
The ____ conformation of glucose is more ___ and ____
stable, abundant
41
The base structure of fructose is _____
furan
42
Fructose has an _____ conformation
envelope (C3 or C4 bend upwards)
43
Furan has ___ carbons and ___ oxygens in its ring
4,1
44
Pyran has ___ carbons and ___ oxygens in its ring
5, 1
45
Amino sugars are derived from _____
monosaccharides
46
____ is the term for a glucose with an amino group
glucosamine
47
glucosamine is found in _____
chitin
48
Glucosamine is a precursor of the _____ found in ___ ______
polysaccharide, joint cartilage
49
what is a glycosidic bond?
a bond involving carbohydrates
50
what type of link is found in lactose?
B1-4
51
galactose-b-1,4-glucose is the chemical name for what?
lactose
52
what type of link is found in sucrose?
a1-2
53
glucose-a-1,2-fructose is the chemical name for what?
sucrose
54
The ____ in sucrose is flipped by a half turn to move the C2 to make a bond
fructose
55
what is the chemical name for isomaltose?
glucose-a-1,6-glucose
56
What type of link is found in isomaltose?
a-1-6
57
what are the 3 disaccharides that involve 2 glucose molecules?
maltose, isomaltose, cellobiose
58
what type of link is found in maltose?
a-1-4
59
what has the chemical name of glucose-a-1,4-glucose?
maltose
60
cellobiose has what type of link?
b-1-4
61
what has the chemical name of glucose-b-1,4-glucose?
cellobiose
62
what is released when making a1-4 and b1-4 linkages?
H2O
63
In a ___ linage, oh OH group is up and one is down
b1-4
64
starch is ____-____% alpha amylose
10-30
65
starch is __-____% amylopectin
70-90
66
_____ form of starch consists of linear chains of a glucose
a-amylose
67
____ form of starch consists of highly branches chains with branches every 12-30 residues
amylopectin
68
in amylopectin, there are branched chains every ___-___ residues
12-30
69
what is the average branch length of the branches of amylopectin?
24-30 residues
70
glycogen is found in the ___ and ___ ____
liver, skeletal muscle
71
up to ___% of the liver mass is glycogen
10
72
___-___% of skeletal muscle mass of glycogen
1-2
73
glycogen is highly branched with branches every ___-____ glucose units
8-12
74
starch in the diet is broken down by what two enzymes?
alpha amylase, a1-6 glucosidase
75
alpha amylase breaks what type of linkage?
a1-4
76
a1-6 glucosidase breaks what type of linkage?
a1-6
77
alpha1-4 glycosidic linkages are cleaved to release ______ units of alpha amylase
glucose
78
alpha amylase enzyme is secreted by the __ ____ and _____
salivary gland, pancreas
79
the enzyme ____ cleaves maltose units from starch chains
beta amylase
80
___ bonds stabilize the helices in amylose
hydrogen
81
____ is found in the helices of amylose
iodine
82
what promotes the helical structure of amylose?
a1-4 bonds between glucose units
83
glycogen is digested by what 2 enzymes?
alpha and beta amylase
84
what are the 2 major structural polysaccharides?
cellulose, chitin
85
cellulose is composed of ___ units of __ ____
linear, b-glucose
86
the glucose units of cellulose are linked by what bonds?
b1-4 glycosidic bonds
87
chitin is composed of repeating units of __ ____ in a ____ structure
n-acetylglucosamine, linear
88
___ is a linear polymer of galactose that is used to separate large molecules by electrophoresis
agarose
89
____ are a component of cartilage, tendons, and other connective tissues
glycosaminoglycans
90
cellulose is/is not digested by amylase enzymes in the human digestive tract
is not
91
what type of animal can digest cellulose because they secrete the enzyme cellulase?
ruminant
92
cellulose forms an ___ ____ structure with alternating glucose units
extended ribbon
93
cellulose forms an extended ribbon structure with alternating ___ units
glucose
94
the alternating glucose units of cellulose are flipped __ degrees due to the nature of ____ linkages
180, b1-4
95
what 3 types of hydrogen bonds strengthen the structure of cellulose?
intrachain, interchain, intersheet
96
what are the 3 fundamental types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
97
____ are the building blocks of oligo and polysaccharides
monosaccharides
98
what is the chemical formula of glucose?
C6H12O6
99
glucose plays a central role in the generation of what?
cellular energy
100
a/b-D-glucopyranose is the name for what monosaccharide?
glucose
101
what is the chemical formula of fructose?
C6H12O6
102
what is the difference between glucose and fructose, being as they have the same chemical formula?
fructose forms 5 membered furanose ring, glucose forms 6 membered pyranose ring
103
a/b-D-fructofuranose is the chemical name for what monosaccharide?
fructose
104
what monosaccharide derivative is a component of joint cartilage?
amino sugar/glucosamine
105
what are the storage polysaccharides?
starch and glycogen
106
___ is a linear polymer of a chemical derivative of glucose (N-acetylglucosamine)
chitin
107
what is the polysaccharide of bacterial cell walls?
peptidoglycan
108
___ is the strong protective peptide/polysaccharide layer of bacterial cell walls
peptidoglycan
109
what makes up peptidoglycan?
peptide, polysaccharide
110
____ bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer between two lipid bylayers
gram-negative (E. Coli)
111
_____ bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer external to a single lipid bilayer
gram-positive (S. aureus)
112
_____ are membrane proteins with polysaccharides attached
glycoproteins
113
____ are a family of glycoproteins located in the extracellular matrix of animal cells
proteoglycans
114
in a peptidoglycan, long chains are carbohydrates are ___ linked by short amino acid chains
covalently
115
a ____ is found on the surface of bacterial cells
lipopolydasaccharide
116
a ____ is found on the surface of animal cells
glycolipid
117
____ _____ are carbohydrate groups linked to proteins through the -OH groups of serine or threonine
O-linked glycoproteins
118
O-linked glycoproteins link to proteins through the ____ group of ___ and ____
-OH, serine, threonine
119
___ ____ are often found in cell surface glycoproteins
O-linked glycoproteins
120
___ ____ are carbohydrate groups linked though a nitrogen in the side chain of asparagine
N-linked glycoproteins
121
N-linked glycoproteins link to the proteins through a ____ in the side chain of ____
nitrogen, asparagine
122
_____ _____ are found in many cellular proteins such as antibodies, ribonuclease, and peptide hormones
N-linked glycoproteins
123
N-linked glycoproteins can be found in ___, ____, and ___ ____
antibodies, ribonuclease, peptide hormones
124
The highly extended protein chains of O-linked glycoproteins allow the ____ regions to project above the _____ _____
functional, membrane surface
125
a _____ is a linear chain of alternating monosaccharides with charged groups such as a carboxyl group (-COO-)
glycosaminoglycan
126
chondroitin and dermatan are examples of what?
proteoglycans
127
proteoglycans are located in what two places?
extracellular matrix, integral membrane proteins
128
proteoglycans function by ____ with other molecules at the __ ____
interacting, cell surface
129
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan has ____ proteins and ____ carbohydrates
few, many
130
membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan has ___ proteins and ___ carbohydrates
few, few
131
the binding sites of proteoglycans have what function?
bind to incoming molecules and slow them down, allowing them to be taken up more readily by the cell
132
what are the two components of cartilage?
cartilage proteoglycan, type 2 collagen
133
what proteoglycan is a long chain of protein with few carbohydrates?
versican
134
what proteoglycan is a short chain of protein with many carbohydrate chains?
serglycin
135
chitin has a similar structure to cellulose except the ____ group on each C-2 is replaced by _____
-OH, -NHCOCH3
136
proteoglycans are a family of glycoproteins that have a special carbohydrate groups attached called ____
glycosaminoglycans
137
proteoglycans are found in the ___ _____ of animal cells
extracellular matrix
138
proteoglycans are ___ ____ proteins
integral membrane
