Glycolysis

Question 1

___ carbon glucose is turned into 2 molecules of ___ carbon pyruvate

Answer 1

6, 3

Question 2

cellular energy is found in high energy bonds of _____ molecules

Answer 2

ATP

Question 3

glycolysis is able to provide an energy source by generating some ATP when ____ is limited

Answer 3

oxygen

Question 4

what causes the high energy of ATP bonds?

Answer 4

bond between second and third phosphate groups

Question 5

what pathways are shut down when oxygen is limited?

Answer 5

TCA and electron transport chain

Question 6

there at ___ enzyme catalyzed reactions of glycolysis

Answer 6

10

Question 7

how many phases are in glycolysis?

Answer 7

2 (5 reactions in each)

Question 8

in phase 1, a series of 5 enzyme catalyzed reactions transforms each glucose molecule into 2 molecules of ______

Answer 8

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

Question 9

in phase 2, five enzyme catalyzed reactions convert 2 molecules of glyceralydehyde 3 phosphate into 2 molecules of ____

Answer 9

pyruvate

Question 10

phase 1 consumes ___ molecules of ATP

Answer 10

2

Question 11

phase 2 generates ___ molecules of ATP

Answer 11

4

Question 12

what is the net gain of ATP between phases 1 and 2?

Answer 12

2 (-2+4)

Question 13

what is the more active phase?

Answer 13

phase 1

Question 14

glycolysis enzymes are located in the cell _____

Answer 14

cytosol

Question 15

ATP synthesis in phase 2 occurs in what way?

Answer 15

ADP to ATP by addition of phosphate group

Question 16

ATP is used up in phase 1 in what way?

Answer 16

ATP energy is being used and converted to ADP

Question 17

NAD+ is converted to ____ in phase 2

Answer 17

NADH

Question 18

How many NADH are made per glucose?

Answer 18

2

Question 19

why is NADH produced in phase 2?

Answer 19

to stimulate the electron transport chain

Question 20

what is created with pyruvate when oxygen is present (aerobic conditions)?

Answer 20

energy

Question 21

in aerobic conditions, the ____ from pyruvate can be directly linked to the TCA cycle via a _____ bond

Answer 21

carbons, covalent

Question 22

when oxygen is limited, the pyruvate from glycolysis produces ___ ____

Answer 22

lactic acid

Question 23

the production of lactic acid from pyruvate is commonly found in ____ _____

Answer 23

muscle cells

Question 24

when there is no oxygen, the pyruvate produces _____

Answer 24

ethanol

Question 25

the production of ethanol from pyruvate is common in ___

Answer 25

yeast

Question 26

when ethanol is produced from pyruvate, what else is produced?

Answer 26

carbon dioxide

Question 27

(1) ____ adds a phosphate group to glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate

Answer 27

hexokinase

Question 28

(2) ______ converts glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate

Answer 28

phosphoglucose isomerase

Question 29

why is glucose converted to fructose in step 2?

Answer 29

build up to the proper substrate that can bind to the active site of the enzyme that will split glucose into 2

Question 30

In the case of pyruvate being converted into lactic acid, what happens when oxygen is later made available?

Answer 30

lactic acid is converted back to pyruvate and enters the TCA cycle

Question 31

(3) ____ adds a second phosphate group to fructose-6-phosphate making it fructose,1,6-biphosphate

Answer 31

phosphofructokinase

Question 32

(4) ______ is the correct enzyme for the substrate of splitting the glucose molecule, and converts fructose-1,6-biphosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (2 3 carbon fragments)

Answer 32

aldolase

Question 33

of the 2 3 carbon fragments produced at the end of phase 1, which is the desired one?

Answer 33

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 34

(5) what enzyme is used to convert dihydroxyacetone phosphate into the desired form, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

Answer 34

triose phosphate isomerase

Question 35

what ensures that the glucose remains inside the cell and does not go back to the extracellular fluid in phase 1?

Answer 35

by the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in step 1

Question 36

what molecule donates the phosphate group to glucose in step 1 of phase 1 to keep the glucose within the cell?

Answer 36

ATP

Question 37

glucose-6-phosphate is a ___ charged molecule to make it hard to get through the lipid bilayer and glucose transporter to leave the cytoplasm and go back to the extracellular fluid

Answer 37

negatively

Question 38

(6) ____ adds a phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to produce 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

Answer 38

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 39

(7) ____ removes the previously added phosphate group from 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to produce 2 3-phosphoglycerate and adds the phosphate to ADP to create ATP

Answer 39

phosphoglycerate kinase

Question 40

the removal of the phosphate group in step 7 converts the ______ into a ______ group

Answer 40

aldehyde, carboxyl group

Question 41

(8) ____ moves the phosphate group form carbon 3 to carbon 2, therofore converting 2 3-phosphoglycerate into 2 2-phosphoglycerate

Answer 41

phosphoglycerate mutase

Question 42

(9) ______ removes a phosphate group from 2 2-phosphoglycerate to crease 2 phosphoenolpyruvate

Answer 42

enolase

Question 43

(10) _____ adds a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP and therofore converts 2 phosphoenolpyruvate into 2 pyruvate molecules

Answer 43

pyruvate kinase

Question 44

pyruvate is a combination of an ____ group and a ____ group

Answer 44

acetyl, carboxyl

Question 45

what is the purpose of yeast cells making ethanol?

Answer 45

they gain NAD+ when acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol

Question 46

what enzyme converts acetaldehyde to ethanol in yeast?

Answer 46

alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 47

yeast cells need a balance of ___ and ____ and this is achieved by the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol

Answer 47

NAD+ and NADH

Question 48

what enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate?

Answer 48

lactate dehydrogenase

Question 49

in oxygen-depleted muscles, _____ is generated by the reaction of converting pyruvate to lactic acid

Answer 49

NAD+

Question 50

if anaerobic conditions continue, excess lactic acid is transported in the blood to the ____ and is resynthesized as ____

Answer 50

liver, glucose

Question 51

mannose is converted into what intermediate to enter the glycolysis cycle?

Answer 51

Fructose-6-phosphate

Question 52

galactose is converted into what intermediate to enter the glycolysis cycle?

Answer 52

glucose-6-phosphate

Question 53

fructose is converted into what intermediate to enter the glycolysis pathway?

Answer 53

DHAP, G3P