Introduction: Molecules and Cells

Question 1

What is the strongest chemical bond?

Answer 1

covalent

Question 2

What is the benefit of noncovalent bonds?

Answer 2

they are more readily broken, allowing for synthesis, degradation, and growth etc. of biological molecules

Question 3

What two chemical bonds hold together the DNA double helix?

Answer 3

hydrogen and wan der waals

Question 4

What is meant by hydrophobic in hydrophobic molecules?

Answer 4

do not want to interact with water

Question 5

Name the bonds in order of strength (strongest to weakest)

Answer 5

covalent, ionic, hydrogen and hydrophobic, van der waals

Question 6

The body is what percent water?

Answer 6

60%

Question 7

What are the found major elements of the human body?

Answer 7

H,O,C,N

Question 8

What are the most prevalent 3 elements found in the Earth’s crust?

Answer 8

O,Si,Al

Question 9

What is seawater composed of (generally)?

Answer 9

ions (Cl-,Na+,Mg2+)

Question 10

What type of element are the trace molecules found in the body?

Answer 10

metals (Mn,Fe,Co,Cu,Zn,Mo,I,Ni,Se)

Question 11

What type of molecule do metal ions interact with?

Answer 11

negatively charged (amino acids)

Question 12

What type of molecule are the trace elements found in?

Answer 12

molecules with specialized roles

Question 13

Fatty acids are an example of what type of structure?

Answer 13

linear

Question 14

Cholesterol (steroids) are an example of what type of structure?

Answer 14

cyclic

Question 15

What steroid is used as the precursor to synthesize other steroid hormones?

Answer 15

Cholesterol

Question 16

A branched structured is composed of ____ and _____?

Answer 16

ring structures, long chain

Question 17

B-carotene is an example of what structure?

Answer 17

branched

Question 18

A planar structure is composed of ____ and _____?

Answer 18

a planar (2D) complex ring, long chain

Question 19

Chlorophyll a is an example of what type of structure?

Answer 19

Planar

Question 20

10 power of micro

Answer 20

-6

Question 21

10 power of nano

Answer 21

-9

Question 22

10 power of pico

Answer 22

-12

Question 23

Protein synthesis occurs in the ___

Answer 23

ribosome

Question 24

Energy generation occurs in the ___

Answer 24

mitochondria

Question 25

The cell membrane is composed of ___ and ____

Answer 25

lipids and protein

Question 26

The nuclear area is composed of _____

Answer 26

genetic material (DNA)

Question 27

Ribosomes are composed of ____ and _____

Answer 27

RNA and protein

Question 28

Bacteria cells do not have _____

Answer 28

plasma and nuclear membranes

Question 29

An E. Coli cell is the same size as a eukaryotic ____

Answer 29

mitochondria

Question 30

Cell membranes are composed of ______

Answer 30

lipids and proteins

Question 31

Function: mechanical support, shape, and protection against swelling in hypotonic media. Is a porous nonselective barrier allowing most small molecules to pass

Answer 31

Cell wall

Question 32

Function: a highly selective permeability barrier that controls the entry of most substances in the cell. Important enzymes in the generation of cellular energy are located here

Answer 32

Cell membrane

Question 33

Function: mRNA is transcribed from DNA to direct the synthesis of cellular proteins

Answer 33

Nuclear areas or nucleoid

Question 34

Function: site of protein synthesis. The mRNA binds to this and the mRNA nucleotide sequence specifies the protein that is synthesized

Answer 34

ribosome

Question 35

Function: site of intermediary metabolism, the interconnecting sets of chemicals reactions by which cells generate energy and form the precursors necessary for biosynthesis of macromolecules essential to cell growth and function

Answer 35

cytosol

Question 36

Function: this complex coating is cell-specific, serves in cell-cell recognition and communication, creates cell adhesion, and provides a protective outer layer

Answer 36

extracellular matrix

Question 37

Function: is a selectively permeable outer boundary of the cell, containing specific systems- pumps, channels, transporters- for the exchange of nutrients and other materials located in the environment. Important enzymes are located here

Answer 37

Cell/plasma membrane

Question 38

Function: repository of genetic information encoded in DNA and organized into chromosomes. During mitosis, the chromosomes are replicated and transmitted to the daughter cells

Answer 38

nucleus

Question 39

Function: Power plants of eukaryotic cells where carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids are oxidized to CO2 and H2O. The energy released is trapped as high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP

Answer 39

mitochondria

Question 40

Function: involved in the packaging and processing of macromolecules for secretion and for delivery to other cellular compartments

Answer 40

golgi apparatus

Question 41

Function: involved in the packaging and processing of macromolecules for secretion and for delivery to other cellular compartments

Answer 41

golgi apparatus

Question 42

Function: involved in the packaging and processing of macromolecules for secretion and for delivery to other cellular compartments

Answer 42

golgi apparatus

Question 43

Function: involved in the packaging and processing of macromolecules for secretion and for delivery to other cellular compartments

Answer 43

golgi apparatus

Question 44

Function: involved in the packaging and processing of macromolecules for secretion and for delivery to other cellular compartments

Answer 44

golgi apparatus

Question 45

Function: where membrane proteins and lipids are synthesized

Answer 45

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 46

Function: where membrane proteins and lipids are synthesized

Answer 46

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 47

Function: function in intracellular digestion of material entering the cell via phagocytosis or pinocytosis. Function in the controlled degradation of cellular components

Answer 47

Lysosomes

Question 48

Function: act to oxidize certain nutrients, such as amino acids

Answer 48

Peroxisomes

Question 49

Function: determines the shape of the cells and gives it the ability to move. Mediates the internal movements that occur in the cytoplasm, such as the migration of organelles and mitotic movements of chromosomes

Answer 49

cyotskeleton

Question 50

the cell wall is composed of _____

Answer 50

polysaccharide

Question 51

Cytosol is composed of ____ and intermediate molecules from metabolism

Answer 51

protein

Question 52

The extracellular matrix is composed of a flexible and sticky layer of ____, _____, and _____

Answer 52

complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

Question 53

Mitochondria are composed of ____ and _____

Answer 53

protein, lipids

Question 54

Lysosomes are composed of ____

Answer 54

hydrolytic enzymes

Question 55

Peroxisomes are composed of ____

Answer 55

oxidative enzymes

Question 56

The cytoskeleton is composed of _____

Answer 56

protein filaments (actin/micro, intermediate, and microtubules)

Question 57

It is important that noncovalent bonds are ______ for the process of DNA replication and RNA synthesis

Answer 57

readily separateds

Question 58

Covalent bonds are used to form the _____

Answer 58

carbon based skeleton structure

Question 59

What elements are found heavily in the Earth's crust but not found in biological organisms?

Answer 59

Si, Al, Fe