Membranes

Question 1

____ and _____ are produced by amphipathic lipid molecules interacting with water

Answer 1

monolayers, micelles

Question 2

____ are lipid aggregates that have the hydrophobic tails in the center and polar head facing outward

Answer 2

micelles

Question 3

what are the 2 types of spontaneously formed lipid structures?

Answer 3

monolayers, bilayers

Question 4

____ are produced spontaneously by certain lipids, particularly phospholipids

Answer 4

bilayers

Question 5

bilayers wrap around themselves to form closed ____ that can consist of many bilayers

Answer 5

vesicles

Question 6

a _____ is a vesicle with a single bilayer

Answer 6

liposome

Question 7

____ can be used as a drug or enzyme delivery system in therapeutic application

Answer 7

liposomes

Question 8

biological membranes are ____ structures

Answer 8

dynamic

Question 9

biological membranes are composed of ___ and ____

Answer 9

phospholipids, proteins

Question 10

in micelles, have the ____ _____ in the center and the ___ _____ ___ on the outside

Answer 10

hydrophobic chains, charged carboxyl group

Question 11

micelles can ___ and ___ in water

Answer 11

dissolve, move

Question 12

____ are artificially prepared vesicles used in lab experiments

Answer 12

liposomes

Question 13

in the fluid mosaic model, ____ and _____ are capable of lateral and transverse movement

Answer 13

lipids, proteins

Question 14

what are the 2 classes of membrane proteins?

Answer 14

peripheral (extrinsic), integral (intrinsic)

Question 15

peripheral membrane proteins are ___ to the lipid bilayer

Answer 15

external

Question 16

integral membrane proteins are ____ or ____ the lipid bilayer

Answer 16

into, through

Question 17

peripheral proteins interact with the membrane through ____ and ____ _____ interactions with integral proteins

Answer 17

electrostatic, hydrogen bonding

Question 18

what are the 2 types of integral proteins?

Answer 18

ones attached/anchored to the membrane by a small hydrophobic segment, ones completely enmeshed in the lipid bilayer

Question 19

membrane proteins are ____ linked to lipid molecules

Answer 19

covalently

Question 20

myristic acid and palmitic acid are proteins bound to ___ ____

Answer 20

fatty acids

Question 21

_____ is the strong and protective peptide/polysaccharide layer of bacterial cell walls

Answer 21

peptidoglycan

Question 22

gram negative bacterial such as E Coli have the peptidoglycan layer where?

Answer 22

between 2 bilayers

Question 23

gram positive bacteria such as aureus have a thicker peptidoglycan layer ____ to a single lipid bilayer

Answer 23

external

Question 24

what are the 2 types of carbohydrate containing molecules in animal cells and tissue?

Answer 24

glycoproteins, proteoglycans

Question 25

glycoproteins are located where?

Answer 25

on the cell surface

Question 26

proteoglycans are located where?

Answer 26

in the extracellular matrix

Question 27

______ are proteins with covalently linked oligo- or polysaccharide groups

Answer 27

glycoproteins

Question 28

___-_____ ______ are carbohydrate groups linked to polypeptide chains via the hydroxyl groups of serine, threonine, or hydroxylysine

Answer 28

O linked glycoproteins

Question 29

what are the 3 hydroxyl groups that can link carbohydrate groups to polypeptide chains for O-linked glycoproteins?

Answer 29

serine, threonine, hydroxylysine

Question 30

O-linked glycoproteins are often found where?

Answer 30

in cell surface glycoproteins

Question 31

___-_____ ______ are carbohydrate groups linked via the amide nitrogen of an asparagine residue

Answer 31

N-linked glycoproteins

Question 32

what is commonly found in proteins including immunoglobulins, ribonuclease, ovalbumin, and peptide hormones?

Answer 32

N-linked glycoproteins

Question 33

____ is a family of glycoproteins whose carbohydrate groups are predominantly glycosaminoglycans

Answer 33

proteoglycans

Question 34

chondroitin, sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate are examples of what?

Answer 34

proteoglycans

Question 35

where are the 2 locations of proteoglycans?

Answer 35

extracellular matrix, integral membrane proteins

Question 36

what are the 2 functions of proteoglycans?

Answer 36

modulate cell growth processes by binding to growth factor, make cartilage flexible and resistant

Question 37

what are the 3 types of membrane transport processes?

Answer 37

passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Question 38

passive transport for an uncharged molecules depends on the _____ on the two sides of the ____

Answer 38

concentrations (C1 and C2), membrane

Question 39

passive transport for a charged molecule depends on _____ and the ____ of the species

Answer 39

concentrations, charge

Question 40

what facilitated diffusion system is found in cells such as erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

Answer 40

glucose transport system, anion transport system

Question 41

in the anion transport system, _____ ions diffuse out of the cell and _____ ions diffuse into the cell

Answer 41

bicarbonate (HCO3-), chloride (Cl-)

Question 42

____ ____ systems use energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 42

active transport

Question 43

the ____ _____ transports monovalent anions across cell membranes to maintain optimal cytoplasmic concentrations

Answer 43

sodium pump

Question 44

what are the 3 components of the sodium pump?

Answer 44

Na+. K+, -ATPase

Question 45

what are the 3 molecules used in transporting protons into the stomach to maintain the low pH needed for digestion of foods by pepsin?

Answer 45

H+, K+, -ATPase

Question 46

___ _____ is used to transport Ca2+ ions in muscle cells to regulate the muscle contraction process

Answer 46

active transport

Question 47

___ ____ is used to transport protons into the stomach to maintain the low pH needed for digestion of foods by pepsin

Answer 47

active transport

Question 48

in mono and bi-layers, the ___ ____ _____ is in the water and the _____ ____ ______ cluster together on the inside

Answer 48

charged phosphate group, hydrophobic fatty acids

Question 49

the ____ ____ of the bilayer is a barrier that separates one side of the membrane from the other

Answer 49

hydrophobic interior

Question 50

lipid-linked membrane proteins are ____ attached to the membrane for anchoring

Answer 50

covalently

Question 51

integral and peripheral proteins interact via ___ ___ ____ ______ to keep the peripheral protein in place

Answer 51

R side-chain interactions

Question 52

cholesterol is needed in the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure for what 2 purposes?

Answer 52

increase membrane strength, give membrane flexibilty

Question 53

what is the primary/most common type of integral protein?

Answer 53

a helix

Question 54

what are the 2 types of integral proteins?

Answer 54

a helix, b barrel

Question 55

___ ______ integral proteins have antiparallel protein chains that have a hollow channel in the middle that acts as a transport channel

Answer 55

beta barrel

Question 56

_____ are on the outside of the cell membrane and identify other cell types

Answer 56

carbohydrates

Question 57

what are the 2 types of membrane carbohydrates?

Answer 57

glycoproteins, glycolipids

Question 58

the ABO blood group system is due to ____ attached to membrane ______

Answer 58

carbohydrates, sphingolipids

Question 59

what are the 3 types of blood classification?

Answer 59

ABO, Rh, MN

Question 60

Rh blood classification depends on the ____ attached to the membrane

Answer 60

protein

Question 61

the ___ ____ of biological membranes is made spontaneously by ______

Answer 61

lipid bilayer, glycerophospholipids

Question 62

the phosphate group of membranes is hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 62

hydrophilic

Question 63

the ___ _____ model of membrane structure considers that the bilayer is a fluid supporting matrix for membrane proteins

Answer 63

fluid mosaic