Nucleotides Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What bases are the pyrimidines?
A
C,T,U
2
Q
What bases are the purines?
A
A,G
3
Q
What are the two nucleic acid sugars?
A
ribose, deoxyribose
4
Q
A nucleoside is ____ bonded to a _____
A
base, sugar
5
Q
A base bonded to a sugar is a _____
A
nucleoside
6
Q
A nucleotide is _____ bonded to _____
A
1-3 phosphate groups, nucleoside
7
Q
Ribose is the sugar for what?
A
RNA
8
Q
Deoxyribose is the sugar for what?
A
DNA
9
Q
The nucleoside of A is ____
A
adenosine
10
Q
The nucleoside of G is _____
A
guanosine
11
Q
The nucleoside of C is _____
A
cytidine
12
Q
The nucleoside of T is ______
A
thymidine
13
Q
The nucleoside of U is _____
A
uridine
14
Q
Purines have ___ rings
A
2 (6 C and 5 C)
15
Q
Pyrimidines have ____ rings
A
1 (6 C)
16
Q
The nitrogenous bases are ____ and _____
A
purine, pyrimidine
17
Q
Pyrimidines have ____ N, ____ C, and ____ sides
A
2, 4, 6
18
Q
Purines have ____ N and ____ C
A
4, 9
19
Q
NH2 is what group?
A
amino
20
Q
O is what group?
A
oxy
21
Q
CH3 is what group?
A
methyl
22
Q
Cytosine has what groups?
A
oxy, amino
23
Q
Uracil has what groups?
A
2 oxy
24
Q
Thymine has what groups?
A
2 oxy, methyl
25
Adenine has what groups?
amino
26
Guanine has what groups?
oxy, amino
27
2-oxy-4-amino pyrimidine is what base?
C
28
2-oxy-4-oxy pyrimidine is what base?
U
29
2-oxy-4-oxy-5-methyl pyrimidine is what base?
T
30
6-amino purine is what base?
A
31
2-amino-6-oxy-purine is what base?
G
32
beta form of OH goes what direction?
up
33
alpha form of OH goes what direction?
down
34
What is the full name of ribose?
B-D-ribofurnaose
35
What is the full name of deoxyribose?
B-D-deoxyribofuranose
36
What is D configuration?
dextro/ right handed
37
What is L configuration?
Levo/ left handed
38
What does furan mean?
a simple organic molecule with 1 ring (4C, 1O)
39
What does the ending -ose refer to?
carbohydrate
40
What does deoxy mean?
loss of an oxygen
41
What number H loses the O in deoxyribose vs ribose?
2
42
The sugar uses what type of numbering in a nucleoside?
prime
43
What is a glyosidic bond?
carbohydrate bond
44
Nucleotides are connected via what type of bond?
phosphoester
45
At what location are nucleotides connected?
5'
46
How many phosphate bonds are needed to activate a molecule?
3
47
The base contains the ____
genetic information
48
The phosphoester bond stores the ____
energy (ATP)
49
What are the two functions of ATP?
storing chemical energy, building block of RNA
50
What shape/structure are nucleic acids?
linear
51
Do nucleic acids ever have branches?
heck no
52
Nucleic acids are linked by what type of bond?
phosphodiester
53
The DNA double helix is connected by what type of bonds?
hydrogen
54
RNA is (bigger/smaller) than DNA
smaller
55
What type of RNA is copies of regular RNA?
mRNA
56
What type of RNA is the composition of ribosomes where protein is synthesized?
rRNA
57
What type of RNA is linked to an amino acid and brings them to the ribosome?
tRNA
58
What type of RNA processes mRNA to make them mature enough to complete their job?
SnRNA (small nuclear)
59
What type of RNA regulates protein synthesis to make sure that they are making the correct protein and the correct time?
microRNAs
60
DNA's function is _____ and ______
genetic information storage, protein coding
61
RNA's function is to assist in _____
the protein synthesis process
62
RNA is composed of ___ strands
1
63
DNA is composed of ____ strands
2
64
What type of molecule is able to fold back onto itself to make double stranded regions?
RNA
65
DNA and RNA have 2 regions, _____ and _______
region of bases, backbone
66
The DNA and RNA backbone is composed of _____ and ______
the sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group
67
Why is there only 1 phosphate group in the DNA and RNA backbone when 3 are needed for activation?
the other 2 are cleaved off in the reaction
68
How many P groups are cleaved off in the reaction making the DNA and RNA backbone?
2
69
(+) charged _____ bind to the negatively charged O of the backbone
histones
70
Histones bind onto the negative charged O in order for what to occur?
to neutralize the molecule and allow it to be packaged into cells
71
What are the two regions of DNA and RNA strands?
bases and backbone
72
What type of bond links nucleotides together?
phosphodiester
73
Phosphodiester bonds link what together?
nucleotides
74
DNA and RNA strands are ____ meaning that they have a 5' and 3' end
directional
75
The backbone of DNA and RNA is _____ charged due to ____
negatively, O atoms of the phosphate groups
76
DNA structure is determined by ______ and _____
base pairing, stacking interactions
77
base pairing includes what type of bond?
hydrogen
78
Stacking includes what type of bond?
Van Der Waal interactions
79
Why does stacking occur in DNA and RNA molecules?
because there are so many base pairings and they are so close to each other
80
____ pairings are broken at a lower temperature
AT
81
____ pairings are broken at a higher temperature
GC
82
_____ pairings are held more strongly together
GC
83
____ % of DNA in humans codes for proteins
2
84
what type of RNA contains protein coding info?
mRNA
85
what type of RNA is made and broken at a high rate and therefore only makes up 2% of total cell RNA?
mRNA
86
What value is the rate at while molecules sediment, with larger molecules having a higher value?
sedimentation coefficient
87
The different ______ values of rRNA determine the different names
Svedberg
88
What are the 3 names of rRNA molecules?
5S, 16S, 23S
89
Ribosomes are very ______ and can be used ____ time
stable, multiple
90
What value is the number of nucleotides present?
number of nucleotide residues
91
What is the process of DNA to RNA called?
transcription
92
Transcription is the process of what?
DNA making RNA
93
What is the process of RNA to protein called?
translation
94
Translation is the process of what?
RNA making protein
95
RNA to DNA is what process?
reverse transcription
96
Reverse transcription is the process of what?
RNA to DNA
97
_____ % of prokaryotic DNA codes for protein
98
98
In prokaryotes, ____ mRNA molecule (s) can encode _____ polypeptides
a single, several
99
In prokaryotes, mRNA can be translated ____ transcription is complete
before
100
In eukaryotes, ____ mRNA molecules (s) encode ____ polypeptides
a single, a single
101
What are the non coding sequences that must be removed in eukaryotes?
introns
102
In eukaryotes, where does transcription occur?
nucleus
103
In eukaryotes, where does translation occur?
cytoplasm
104
In eukaryotes, matures mRNAs must be ______ before translation
transported to the cytoplasm
105
In prokaryotes, the DNA is not found in the _____
nucleus
106
mRNA is always synthesized in what direction?
5' to 3'
107
What enzyme binds to DNA to make RNA in prokaryotes?
RNA polymerase
108
RNA polymerase always binds in what direction?
3' to 5'
109
Ribosomes bind to what end of the mRNA molecule in prokaryotes?
5' end
110
What is the term for getting rid of introns in RNA?
splicing
111
Introns are removed from ____ but remain in _____
RNA, DNA
112
The protein coding part of the RNA is called what?
exon
113
hnRNA stands for what?
heterogenous nuclear RNA
114
What is the first RNA synthesized from DNA called?
hnRNA (heterogenous nuclear RNA)
115
How many amino acids are there?
20
116
Because there are 20 amino acids, there must be at least 20 what?
tRNAs
117
tRNA form what kind of bond with the amino acid?
temporary covalent
118
Where does the tRNA add the amino acid?
to the growing polypeptide chain
119
The acceptor stem of tRNA is what end?
3' (that is next to a 5' end)
120
What is the 3' end of the tRNA called?
acceptor stem
121
The anti codon sequence of tRNA is complementary to what?
amino acid
122
What binds to the anticodon codeword?
tRNA
123
____ is able to retain its shape in the ribosome without protein binding
rRNA
124
rRNA has many short regions of what type of bonding?
intrachain H-bonding
125
Base pairing is the ____ structure
secondary
126
the 3D structure is the _____ structure
tertiary
127
What bases are the pyrimidines?
C,T,U
128
What bases are the pyrimidines found in RNA?
C,U
129
The nucleotide substrates for DNA synthesis start with ___
deoxy
130
There is no ______ substrate for RNA synthesis
thymidine 5' triphosphate
131
The nucleotide substrates for DNA and RNA synthesis are what prime?
5
132
There is no ____ substrate for DNA synthesis
deoxyuridine 5' triphosphate
133
The RNA that is found in sedimentation coefficients of 16 S, 23 S, and 5 S is _____
rRNA
