Carbs I

Question 1

What can glucose be made into via modification

Answer 1

proteoglycans, other glycosides

Question 2

what can glucose produce bia the PPP

Answer 2

ribose, NADPH

Question 3

what can glycose be used to make via glycolysis

Answer 3

pyruvate

Question 4

oligosaccharides

Answer 4

less than 10 molecules are linked

Question 5

polysaccharides

Answer 5

chains more than 10 molecules

Question 6

beta configation

Answer 6

C1 hydroxyl group on the same side of ring

Question 7

alpha confiration

Answer 7

C1 hydroxyl group on the opp side of the ring

Question 8

mutarotation

Answer 8

in solution the alpha and beta form interconvert

Question 9

what does mutarotation explain

Answer 9

damaging effects from teh reducing power of glucose.

Question 10

in the open chain form waht can sugard do

Answer 10

reduce proteins

Question 11

what happens when you oxidize the C1 hydroxyl group of glucose

Answer 11

initae the PPP

Question 12

what happens if you oxidize the C6-hydroxyl group

Answer 12

yield uronic acid, which are important for proteoglycans in teh ECM

Question 13

what does reduction of glucose yield

Answer 13

hexitol

Question 14

what does oxiation of glucose yield

Answer 14

acids and ketones

Question 15

what happens when you phosphorylate glucose

Answer 15

makes free glucose, which is found in extracellular fluids and enterocytes

Question 16

what happens when you aminiate glucose

Answer 16

helps make UDP-GlcNAc

Question 17

what does glucosamine synthesis start from

Answer 17

fructose 6 phosphate

Question 18

where are sulfated sugars found

Answer 18

large proteoglycan molecules that make up ECM

Question 19

what do sulfate groups add to the molecule

Answer 19

negative charge

Question 20

formation of glycosidic bond mechanism

Answer 20

1. sugar linked to nucleotide, requires ATP, to form NDP-sugar
2. NDP-sugar transfers carb to target molecule, catalyzed by glycosyltransfase and does not require ATP

Question 21

what are glycosidic bonds formed between

Answer 21

substrate and activated sugar nucleotide

Question 22

what is UDP-glucose required for

Answer 22

synthesis of glyogen

Question 23

what is UP-glucuronic acid required for

Answer 23

liver detox reaction

Question 24

glycogen synthase

Answer 24

builds storage carbohydrate glycogen by transferring glucose from UDP glucose to an existing glycogen molecule

Question 25

UDP glucuronyltransferases

Answer 25

transfer glucuronic acid from UDP-glucuronate to many differetn substrates to facilitte excretion

Question 26

echinocandians

Answer 26

antifungal drugs that prevent synthesis of gungal cell wall beta glucan

Question 27

ethambutol

Answer 27

imparies cell wall in TB

Question 28

function of alpha linked polysaccharides

Answer 28

storage form of glucose.

Question 29

functino of beta linked polysaccharides

Answer 29

structural support

Question 30

main breakdown produces of starch and glycogen degration

Answer 30

maltose, maltotriose, glucose, alpha-limit dextin

Question 31

what degrades straches in the small intestine

Answer 31

alpha glucosidase and isomaltase

Question 32

wht is maltase hydrolyzed by

Answer 32

maltase

Question 33

what is lactose hydrolyzed into

Answer 33

glucose and galactose

Question 34

what is maltose hydrolyzed into

Answer 34

2 glucose molecules

Question 35

what is sucros split into

Answer 35

glucose and fructose

Question 36

raffinose

Answer 36

sugar in seeds that can't be digested easily, leads to farts

Question 37

where is Na+/glucose symporter SGLT1 located

Answer 37

small intestine and kidney

Question 38

function of Na+/glucose symporter SGLT1

Answer 38

active transport of glucose adn galatone into epithelial cells

Question 39

where is GLUT1 found

Answer 39

all tissues

Question 40

function of GLUT1

Answer 40

basal glucose/galactose uptake

Question 41

location of GLUT2

Answer 41

liver, intestine, beta cells of pancreas

Question 42

function of GLUT 2 in liver

Answer 42

removal of glucose/galactose form blood

Question 43

function of GLUT 2 in intestine

Answer 43

relase of glucose/galactose from epithelial cells into circulation

Question 44

function of GLUT 2 in pancrease

Answer 44

regulation of insulin secretion

Question 45

wehre is GLUT 3 found

Answer 45

all tissues

Question 46

function of GLUT 3

Answer 46

basal glucose galactose uptake

Question 47

where is GLUT 4 found

Answer 47

muscles and adipose tissue

Question 48

function of GLUT 4

Answer 48

incraeses with endurance training, can be translocated to cell surface

Question 49

where is GLUT 5 located

Answer 49

small intetine, liver

Question 50

function of GLUT 5

Answer 50

uptake of fructose

Question 51

what transport is induced by insuline

Answer 51

GLUT 4

Question 52

function of hexokinase

Answer 52

phorphorylates c6 of glucose, gives it a neg change, prevents it from being transported across membrane

Question 53

function of galactosekinase

Answer 53

traps galctose inside cells

Question 54

what does liver produce instead of hexokinase

Answer 54

glucokinase

Question 55

fructokinase

Answer 55

high affinity uptake and degration of fructose in hepatocytes

Question 56

what is different about glucokinase in comparision to hexokinase

Answer 56

it's not inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate, so it keeps trapping glucose in the liver even if intracellualr conc are high