Carbs IV

Question 1

where does glycogen synthesis occur

Answer 1

liver and muscle cells

Question 2

what are the steps of activation of glucose

Answer 2

1. glucose phosphorylation by hexokinase to glucose 6 phophate
2. G 6P —> glucose 1 phophate by phosphoglucomutase
3. G1P —> UDP glucose ia UDP glucose pyrophorylase

Question 3

in general what is happening during glycogen synthesis

Answer 3

adding activated glucose in alpha 1.4 linkages and later branches the chains with alpha 1.6 bodns

Question 4

what becomes active when blood glucose levels are low

Answer 4

glycogen phosphoylase

Question 5

what is the regulated step of glycoen syntehsis

Answer 5

glucose to glucose 6 phophase

glycogen synthase

Question 6

what is hexokinase and glucokinse stimulated by

Answer 6

insuline

Question 7

what is hexolinase inhibtied by

Answer 7

g6p

Question 8

what is glucokinas einhibted by

Answer 8

hexxokinase isozyme in liver NOT g6p

Question 9

what is glycogen synthase inhibted by

Answer 9

glucagon, epinephrine

Question 10

what is glycogen synthase stimulated by

Answer 10

insuline

Question 11

what are the regulated steps in glycogen degration

Answer 11

glucogen phophorylase

glucose 6 phosphatse

Question 12

what inhibts glucogen phophorylase

Answer 12

inusline

Question 13

what is glycogen phosphorylase sitmualted by

Answer 13

glucagon, epinephrine

Question 14

waht is glucose 6 phosphatase inhbited by

Answer 14

insulin

Question 15

what is glucsoe 6 phosphatase sitmualted by

Answer 15

glucagon, epinephrine

Question 16

how does insulin affect blood sugar conc

Answer 16

lowers

Question 17

how does glucagon affect blood sugar conc

Answer 17

elecates

Question 18

what is livers role in glucose

Answer 18

a resevoir for glucose

Question 19

why can muscles not release glucose

Answer 19

they are lacking glucose 6 phosphase

Question 20

how does epinephrine affect muscles

Answer 20

causes them to break down glycogen but in addition activate glycolysis to generate ATP

Question 21

what does phosphorylation favor

Answer 21

glycogen degradation

Question 22

what happens when glucagon or epinephrine bind to receptors on cell surface

Answer 22

activates adenylate cyclase

Question 23

what happens when adenylate cyclase is activated

Answer 23

increase in cAMP

Question 24

what happens when you have elevated cAMP

Answer 24

stimulate protein kinase A

Question 25

what does protein kinase A do

Answer 25

activate phosphorylase kinase

Question 26

what does phosphorylase kinase do

Answer 26

phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, starts degradation o glycogen

Question 27

what is the other target of active protein kinase A

Answer 27

glycogen synthase

Question 28

what is the only organ that expresses glucose 6 phosphatase

Answer 28

liver

Question 29

affect of insuline on liver

Answer 29

activate glycoen synthase ianctivate glycogen phosphorylase stimulate glycolysis and ATP generation

Question 30

affect of glucagon on liver

Answer 30

inactivate glycogen synthase activate glycogen phosphorylase activate glucose 6 phosphatase activate gluconeogensis

Question 31

affect of epinephrine on liver

Answer 31

inactivate glycogen synthase activate glycogen phosphorlase activate glucose 6 phosphatase

Question 32

affect of insulin on muscle

Answer 32

stimulate glucose uptake stimulate glycolysis and ATP generation increases muscle glycogen and creatine phosphate levels

Question 33

affect of glucaon on muscle

Answer 33

no affect

Question 34

affect of epinephrine on muscle

Answer 34

inactivate glycogen sythase activate glycogen phosphorlase sitmlate glycolysis

Question 35

type 1/van gierke results from defec tin what

Answer 35

glucose 6 phosphatase

Question 36

symptom of type 1/von gierke

Answer 36

hypoglycemia, increased liver glycogen stores

Question 37

type ii or pompe is caused by

Answer 37

deficienly of acid maltase

Question 38

symptom of type ii/pompe

Answer 38

lysosome fill with glycogen, cardiac or respiratory failure causes death

Question 39

type iii/cori disease is cauded by what

Answer 39

defect in glycogen debranching enzyme

Question 40

type V/Mcardle is caused by what

Answer 40

defect in muscle glycogen phosphorylase

Question 41

symptom of type V/McArdle

Answer 41

exercise intolerance

Question 42

what are the 2 pathways for alcohol metabolism

Answer 42

2 dehydrogenase reactions | MEOS pathway

Question 43

how does ethanol metabolism affect NAD and NADH

Answer 43

reduces amount of NAD and increases amount of ANDH in cytoplasm

Question 44

what happens when NADH conc is high

Answer 44

pyruvate adn OAA disppear, get converted into lactate and malate

Question 45

what happens to the ecxess lactate

Answer 45

accumualtes in blood, metabolic acidosis,

Question 46

what does NADH reduce that capacity for

Answer 46

gluconeogensis

Question 47

what does NADH block

Answer 47

CAC