Cell Response/Cytokines Flashcards
(46 cards)
What are two types of cells that monocytes can turn into?
1-Macrophage (phagocytosis, activation of T cells)
2-Dendritic Cells (activation of T cells)
Besides Monocyte derivatives, what are 5 other cells that are part of the innate immune system?
1-Natural Killer Cells (kill virally infected cells)
2-Neutrophil (Phagocytosis and killing)
3-Basophil (Parasite response)
4-Eosinophil (kill antibody-coated parasites with granules)
5-Mast Cells (release histamine and other active agents)
What are the two types of patterns recognized by innate immune cells?
1-Extracellular (cell surface)
2-Intracellular (cell surface changes as a result of viral infection)
With the exception of toll like receptors, what is the result of binding a macrophage receptor?
Phagocytosis
What are the 3 main phagocytic cells?
1-Macrophages
2-Neutrophils
3-Dendritic cells
*create phagosome after ingesting bacteria to kill and digest with a lysosome
What are the 4 tissues that contain resident macrophages and their respective names?
1-Brain: microglia
2-Bone: osteoclasts
3-Liver: Kupffer cells
4-Skin: langerhan cells
What are three effector mechanisms of macrophages?
1-Phagocytosis
2-Cytokine release
3-Degranulation
Do macrophage or neutrophil produces use defensins, and lactoferrin in addition to other mechanisms to kill pathogens?
Neutrophils
*Both however, are acidic, use toxic oxygen species, nitric oxide, cathelicidin, and lysozyme to break down the pathogens
What do Toll-like receptors do?
Activate macrophages
*some are expressed on the outer membrane and some are inside on the nuclear envelope
TLR1 binds with TLR2 to form a heterodimer that recognizes what two things?
- lipopeptides
- glycosylphosphaidylinositol
*from bacteria and parasites, found on plasma membranes
TLR2 binds to TLR6 to form a heterodimer that recognizes what two things?
- Lipoteichoic acid
- Zymosan
*from G(+) bacteria and fungi, found on plasma membrane
TLR4 make a homodimer and recognizes what?
Lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria
TLR7 and TLR8 make a homodimers and recognize what?
Single-stranded RNA from RNA viruses
*found on endosomes
TLR9 form homodimers and recognize what?
unmethylated CpG-rich DNA in viruses and bacteria
*found on endosome
TLR3 forms a homodimer and recognizes what?
Double-stranded viral RNA in RNA viruses
*found on endosome
TLR5 forms a homodimer and recognizes what?
Flagellin on bacteria
TLR signaling initiates cytokine production through what?
NF-kB production
*is a transcription factor
What do NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains) degrade?
Antigens
*mainly degraded bacterial fragments, induce cytokine expression and release
What do inflammasomes do?
Activate and promote cytokine release
*acts as a regulatory step
Predominantly paracrine and autocrine, what molecules are the signals of the immune system?
Cytokines
What are the 6 basic families of cytokines based on morphology?
1-Class I 2-Class II 3-Interleukin 1 4-Interleukin 17 5-Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) 6-Chemokines
In the JAK-STAT pathway, what does an activated JAK (tyrosine kinase) phosphorylate?
STAT
*SH2 region of STAT then dimerizes with another phosphorylated STAT and then head to the nucleus to induce transcription
What are the 5 inflammatory cytokines released by macrophages?
1-IL-1B 2-TNF-a 3-IL-6 4-CXCL8 5-IL-12
Which inflammatory cytokine activates vascular epithelium and lymphocytes, causes local tissue destruction, increases access of effector cells and induces fever and IL-6 production?
IL-1B
